Culinary: Edible Wild Plants

Web Moving Images Texts Audio Software Patron Info About IA Projects Home American Libraries | Canadian Libraries | Universal Library | Community Texts | Project Gutenberg | Children's Library | Biodiversity Heritage Library | Additional Collections Search:All Media Types Wayback Machine Moving Images Animation & Cartoons Arts & Music Community Video Computers & Technology Cultural & Academic Films Ephemeral Films Movies News & Public Affairs Prelinger Archives Spirituality & Religion Sports Videos Television Videogame Videos Vlogs Youth Media Texts American Libraries Canadian Libraries Universal Library Community Texts Project Gutenberg Children's Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Additional Collections Audio Audio Books & Poetry Community Audio Computers & Technology Grateful Dead Live Music Archive Music & Arts Netlabels News & Public Affairs Non-English Audio Podcasts Radio Programs Spirituality & Religion Software The Shareware CD Archive DigiBarn Tucows Software Library Education Math Lectures from MSRI UChannel Chinese University Lectures AP Courses from MITE MIT OpenCourseWareForumsFAQsAdvanced Search Anonymous User (login or join us) Upload See other formats Full text of "Edible Wild Plants" CO DO [5oung, tender plants when only a few inches high, carefully cut and wash them and boil until tender, then serve with butter. When cream sauce is added it may be served on toast. The supply is inexhaustible but the period when it is edible is rather short. This is the most common "tumbleweed" of the Rocky Mountain and plains states. Plants should be gathered in spring and early summer. GREASEWOOD Sarcobatus vermiculatus THIS shrub is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific in alkaline, clay soil of desert valleys. It usually grows three or four feet high but may reach a height of six or eight feet. The numerous young branches are grayish white; the narrow, fleshy leaves are flattened above, rounded beneath. The tender twigs of this shrub are sometimes gathered by the housewives of Utah (and probably by those of other western states), carefully washed and cut into short pieces and boiled until tender, then served with butter or cream sauce. POKE, OR SCOKE, OR PIGEONBERRY Phytolacca decandra Phytolacca americana THE Pokeweed is a stout, strong-smelling perennial that grows from four to eight feet tall. The root is large and poisonous. From it in the springtime several thick succulent erect shoots ap- pear. The stalks which branch and spread near the top vary in 143 Pokeweed color from green to reddish purple. The leaves, which are ovate- lanceolate, are five to ten inches long, pointed, with wavy margins. The flowers and fruits are in racemes, four to seven inches long. The blossoms are greenish white, and the berries when ripe are dark purple, about one-third inch in diameter, filled with a pur- plish crimson juice which is sometimes used for ink hence the name Inkberry, which is often applied to this plant. The Poke is a native from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. It prefers a rich loamy soil in neglected places, along fences, or in uncultivated ground. It especially likes clear- ings or "new ground." In the spring, when the young Poke shoots are a few inches high, they are cut off just above the ground and cooked after the manner of asparagus or spinach. Care must be taken not to get any of the root in with the green shoots, for the root is bitter and poisonous. Dr. Frederick V. Coville wrote of the young stems of the Pokeweed : They are thick and succulent like the stems of asparagus, and are not only used by the country people, but are commonly brought into the city markets where they are sold under the name of "sprouts." In the United States it is not cultivated in the proper sense of the word, although those who bring it into the markets are careful to allow it to maintain itself in the areas in which it becomes established. The French, however, always apt in testing and making use of every kind of food, have introduced the plant into cultivation in Europe. GREEN AMARANTH, OR REDROOT Amaranthus retroflcxus THE Green Amaranth, often called Pigweed, is naturalized from tropical America and now may be found over the greater part of the United States. It grows as a weed in gardens and cultivated soils, or even in waste lands, reaching a height of three or four feet or even more. The stout stem is little branched, slightly hairy, and somewhat rough. The dull green leaves are ovate, long-pointed, with wavy margins, and the petioles or leaf stems are nearly as long as the leaves. The greenish flowers are in long panicled spikes. The shiny black seeds of this and other amaranths were formerly used for food by the Indians. They were parched or ground into meal, which was baked in cakes or used for porridge. The leaves Green Amaranth 144 were also used for food. The plant should be taken when young and tender. Like the Lamb's Quarter it mav be found in a young growing state from spring until autumn. It should be cooked like spinach and served with butter and vinegar, if the latter is desired. On account of its mild flavor it may be cooked with stronger- flavored greens to make it more appetizing. It is claimed that the Indians of the southwestern states cultivated this plant for its seeds. PURSLANE, OR PUSLEY Portulaca oleracea THIS fleshy, trailing annual is a native of India, where it was used for food more than two thousand years ago. Some think that it may have been native to Persia. It was early introduced into Europe, where it has been used as a potherb for centuries. Dur- ing colonial times it was naturalized in America ; and it has spread not only over this country and southern Canada, but over Mexico and even into South America. It acts like a native in the south- western United States. The small alternate leaves are thick and fleshy, spatulate, ob- tuse, scattered. The light yellow flowers open only on sunny morn- ings. They are small and last but a few hours. The petals gen- erally number six or seven, and the stamens about eleven. The purslane is found in almost every old garden in this country. It especially revels in a fertile sandy soil, and often becomes a troublesome weed. Charles Dudley Warner calls it "a fat, ground- clinging, spreading, greasy thing, and the most propagatious plant I know." Purslane is cooked and served like spinach. The fleshy stems are sometimes pickled. In England the young stems and leaves are often used as a summer salad. In southern Europe it is some- times used in soups. In China and India it is much used as a potherb. It has never been much valued in America, but in Europe several upright cultivated varieties have been developed. As a food plant it certainly has value. Dr. Coville, botanist of the United States Department of Agriculture, wrote: "As a potherb it is very palatable, still retaining, when cooked, a slight acid taste. It can be heartily recommended to those who have a liking for this kind of vegetable food." In Mexico it is frequently seen in the markets where vegetables are sold. 145 Miners' Lettuce INDIAN LETTUCE, OR SPANISH LETTUCE, OR MINERS' LETTUCE Montia perfoliata Claytonia perfoliata THE Indian Lettuce, a very close relative of the eastern Spring Beauty, is found native from British Columbia and Idaho south to California, Arizona, and northern Mexico. I have found it in abundance at many places in California, where it grows on banks and under trees, preferring a moist situation. The stem, which is six inches to a foot high, arises from a bunch of basal leaves. These leaves vary greatly in shape. Some are very narrow, others nearly round or even kidney-shaped, on long petioles. More than halfway up the stalk there is a single pair of leaves so united as to form a disk or cup com- pletely encircling the stem. Above this is a raceme of white or sometimes pink- ish flowers. There are two sepals and usually five petals. Generally several stems arise from one cluster of basal leaves. Altogether this is an odd and dainty plant which grows larger and coarser in cultivation. The somewhat fleshy leaves and stems are tender and crisp. The In- dians are said to be very fond of it and eat it raw as a salad or cooked as a pot- herb. In the early gold-mining days of California, it was very difficult to get fresh fruits and vegetables, the lack of which brought on scurvy and other dis- eases. The miners resorted to this and other plants for greens; therefore the name of Miners' Lettuce. The miners probably learned its use from the In- Miners' Lettuce dians or possibly from the Spaniards on (Montia perfoliata) Miners' Lettuce 146 the Pacific Coast. For food, it should be gathered in the spring. This plant has been introduced into Europe, where it is cul- tivated under the name of Winter Purslane, and is used for salads or as a potherb. In places in Europe it has escaped as a weed. It also grows wild in Cuba, where it was introduced and has escaped. COMMON CIIICKWEED Stellaria media Alsine media THIS very common weed has been naturalized from Europe and Asia and is found in gardens, fields, waste places, cultivated grounds, or in the woods over most of the United States; in fact, it is now found over most of the world. The duckweed is an annual although it frequently lives over winter. In the central United States it probably could be found in bloom every month in the year. The plant is tufted and very much branched. The stems are weak and reclining, sometimes a foot long. The leaves are opposite, ovate, rather sharp-pointed with entire margins. The lower leaves are petioled ; the upper ones, sessile. The small white flowers are in terminal leafy clus- ters or solitary in the axils of the leaves. The five petals are deeply two-cleft. The Common Chickweed when properly prepared makes a splendid potherb. I have tested its edible qualities and can recom- mend the plant. It is much used in some parts of Europe. Charles Pierpoint Johnson writes, in Useful Plants of Great Britain, "It forms when boiled an excellent green vegetable much resembling spinach in flavor and is very wholesome." MARSH MARIGOLD, OR AMERICAN COWSLIP Caltha palustris THIS is a common wild flower growing in swamps, marshy places, and wet meadows from Newfoundland to South Carolina, west to Saskatchewan and Nebraska. It must be familiar to many people, for more than twenty-five common names have been ap- 147 Marsh Marigold plied to it. It is one of our most beautiful wild flowers and should be protected, but its edible qualities should also be a matter of record. The Marsh Marigold has a stout, hollow branching stem from twelve to eighteen inches tall. The basal leaves are on long fleshy petioles. The blade of the leaf is heart- or kidney-shaped, three to six inches across. The upper leaves are nearly sessile. The Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) margins are entire, wavy, or sometimes with rounded teeth. The flowers appear in April or May. They are bright glossy yellow, nearly an inch and a half across. There are five to nine petal-like sepals, which drop early. In many parts of the country the Marsh Mangold is much used as a potherb, especially in the spring at or near the flowering season and before most garden greens are ready for use. It is to the plant's advantage that it often grows in swampy regions far out of reach. The leaves and stems are boiled and served in the same manner as spinach, and many people say that it is the equal and even superior of the latter plant. In some parts of the country. Marsh Marigold 148 the tender flower buds are pickled and used as a substitute for capers. One housewife gave me the following recipe for creamed cow- slips: "Cook the cowslips, add salt, drain well and chop fine. Put a tablespoon of butter into a saucepan, add a tablespoon of flour, and mix thoroughly. Salt and pepper to taste. Add greens and one-half cup of cream or rich milk. Stir until well mixed and you have an appetizing dish ready to serve." TRUE WATER CRESS Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum THIS familiar plant, naturalized from Europe, thrives best in clear, cold water. It floats, rooting at the nodes, or sometimes creeps. The leaves have from three to nine segments, the terminal one much the largest. The flowers are small and white, in elongated racemes. The pods are half an inch to an inch long. The Water Cress now grows from Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Idaho and California. In its wild state, it is better known and appreciated by peo- ple from foreign countries. The leaves and tender shoots have been used for greens and for salads since ancient times. It is also used as a garnish. Xenophon highly recommended it to the Persians. In western India it is prized by the Mohammedans. The Romans considered it as excellent food for those who had deranged minds. Lord Bacon urged the people of Eng- land to use it, but it seems that it was little cultivated in that country be- fore the last century. Now it is much True Water Cress grown and cared for in many parts of (Radicula nasturtium- Europe. In this country, great quan- aquaticum) tities are produced for the markets of 149 Water Cress our larger towns and cities. People who buy it in closely packed bunches generally do not recognize the plant floating in the water. I have seen large patches of Water Cress growing undisturbed in cool running water in unused lands at the very edge of a small city, yet quantities of the plant were brought from a distance to that city's market. It may be gathered at all seasons, but be careful that the water in which it is growing is not polluted. The Marsh Cress, or Yellow Water Cress, Radicula palustris, is a plant with similar leaves but with upright habit. It has small yellow blossoms and short pods. It is found over much of North America, introduced in the East but apparently native in the West. It grows in wet or marshy places and along watercourses. I find that it is quite a good substitute for the Water Cress. I have seen statements to the effect that it was once cultivated as a salad plant in Europe. HORSE-RADISH Radicula Armoracia Armoracia Armoracia Cochlearia Armoracia THE Horse-Radish is a perennial plant introduced here from England, where it was probably naturalized from European coun- tries farther east. In this country it was first planted about dwell- ings but has since escaped to moist grounds in waste places es- pecially along brooks. In some sections of the East it is reported as a weed. The plants are very persistent, often growing at the same spot years after dwellings have disappeared. My grandfather planted it by his home in western Pennsylvania probably eighty years or more ago, and the clusters still remain after all these years at exactly the same place, having spread but little. The Horse-Radish has white roots often a foot long and one to two inches in diameter, abruptly branched at the end. A ma- jority of the leaves come from the roots. They are on long, stout, channeled petioles. The leaf blade is nearly a foot long and about half as wide, with wavy edges and spreading teeth. The stem leaves are smaller, sessile, oblong, and toothed. The flower clus- ters are arranged in panicled racemes. The flowers are small, white, Horse-Radish 150 and like all other plants of the mustard family, have four petals. The seed pods, if formed at all, are nearly round. The plants rarely produce seed. The roots may be taken at any season. The roots have a hot, biting taste and furnish the well known sauce or condiment which is used on roast beef, pork, and oysters. For this purpose, they are grated and mixed with a little vinegar. The use of Horse-Radish is said to be increasing, and as a result, the plant is now often cultivated. The tender leaves in the spring are frequently used for greens and are good for that purpose es- pecially when mixed with dock or other wild plants. The Horse-Radish has gone under several scientific names in botanical literature; but, strange to say, only one common name is in use, although I have heard country folk refer to it as "Sting Nose." WINTER CRESS, OR BELLE ISLE CRESS, OR SCURVY GRASS Barbarea verna Barbarea praecox THE Winter Cress is a native of Europe and has been intro- duced into this country, spreading as a weed in cultivated ground and waste places. It may now be found from Massachusetts and southern New York south to Florida and west to and in the Ap- palachian Mountains. The glossy green leaves have four to eight pairs of lateral lobes. The flowers, which appear from April to June are yellow, about a quarter of an inch across, arranged in long racemes. As in all plants of the mustard family, each blossom has four petals. The seed pods are one and a half to three inches long, rather sharply four-angled, and are mounted on short, very thick stems or pedicels. From New York southward, the Winter Cress is often culti- vated for use as a potherb or winter salad. In cultivation, especially in the South, it usually goes under the name of Scurvy Grass. As a cultivated crop, the seeds are generally sown broadcast in late summer. In Washington City and elsewhere, in early spring, it is commonly seen in the markets, and in some sections it is highly appreciated. It is grown in gardens in England and is much used in Germany. Winter Cress Bitter-Cress (Barbarea verna) The Common Winter Cress or Yellow Rocket, Barbarea vul- garis, Barbarea Barbarea, is another European introduction in general appearance quite similar to the last species. It prefers low cultivated and waste grounds, and in places is a pest. It has spread over the eastern and central states but is believed to be native from Lake Superior north and west to the Pacific Coast. It grows from one to two feet tall, has glossy green leaves with one to three lateral lobes and a much larger rounded terminal lobe. The bright yellow blossoms appear from April to June. The seed pods are not more than an inch long on rather slender spreading stems or pedicels. This plant is sometimes used as a salad or potherb and is probably best mixed with other "greens." It has a bitterness that to me is not altogether pleasant. This is chiefly removed in cook- ing by changing the water once or twice. The plant is sometimes called "Bitter Cress" and is occasionally for sale in the markets under the name of "Upland Cress." It is said to be also cultivated Winter Cress 152 in gardens in parts of England and Scotland ; and in places on the Continent of Europe it is boiled as kale or spinach. PENNSYLVANIA BITTER CRESS Cardamine pennsylvanica THE Pennsylvania Cress is common along brooks, swamps, and in wet places from Newfoundland to Minnesota and Montana, south to Florida, Tennessee, and Kansas. This plant is an annual or sometimes a biennial with erect smooth stem eight inches to two feet high, often much branched. The plant has a rosette of leaves at the base with lateral leaves along the stem. The leaves have from seven to eleven leaflets, the terminal one obovate and much larger than the others. The small white flowers are followed by slender seed pods about an inch long when mature. This plant is an excellent substitute for the common Water Cress. It is slightly bitter but not disagreeable. On hikes in the woods. I have often gathered this cress to eat with my sandwiches and have found it a pleasing relish. Several other plants of this genus have also been used as sub- stitutes for the Water Cress. Among them are the following: The Cuckoo Flower, or Meadow Cress, Cardamine pratensis, in general appearance quite similar to the Pennsylvania Cress ; but the lower leaflets are rounded, and the showy white or rose-colored flowers are half an inch or more broad. It is not abundant but may be found from New Jersey to Minnesota, north to Labrador, also in Europe and Asia. Round-Leaved, or American, Water Cress, Cardamine rotundi- folia, is found in cold springs and brooks from New York to Ohio south to North Carolina and Missouri. It is a weak, often reclin- ing plant with oval or round leaves. It is used as a salad plant, and Asa Gray says of it: "Leaves with just the taste of the Eng- lish water-cress." BLACK MUSTARD Brassica nigra DESCRIBED under Edible Seeds and Seed Pods. 153 Lettuce Saxifrage LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE, OR MOUNTAIN LETTUCE Saxifraga micranthidifolia Micranthes micranthidifolia THE Lettuce Saxifrage is a perennial plant that grows on the borders of cool mountain streams and in swampy places in the Appalachian Mountains from central Pennsylvania south to Geor- gia and Tennessee. The leaves are in a thick mat at the base of the plant. They are sometimes nearly a foot long, rounded at the top, tapering downward in a margined petiole. The edges of the leaves have short sharp teeth. The flower scape is one to two feet tall, terminating in a loose panicle. The white flowers are nearly a quarter of an inch across. The calyx lobes turn backward. The flowers appear from May to July, followed by sharp-pointed seed pods. In some of the mountainous sections of southern Pennsylvania, this plant is highly prized by the people. For salads it is probably used more than any other wild plant of the region. They seem to be careful not to destroy the roots, for in places I have found it in abundance along cold mountain brooks. There the natives call it "Deer Tongue," probably from the shape of the leaves. In the springtime, the leaves are carefully gathered and washed, then placed in a stewpan or frying pan where a little bacon or fat salt pork has previously been cut fine and partly cooked. Some sour cream is added, but the cooking is slight in fact, the leaves are scarcely more than wilted. In that region, garden lettuce is usually prepared and served in the same manner. In most households it is an acceptable dish. INDIAN RHUBARB Peltiphyllum peltatum Saxifraga peltata WHEN I first saw this plant, which was along a rocky moun- tain stream in northern California, I immediately thought of the common May Apple or Mandrake of the East. On a nearer ap- proach I saw the plant was larger and coarser. This perennial has a thick fleshy horizontal rootstock from which arises early in the season a naked stem bearing a panicle of white or pale pink Indian Rhubarb 154 flowers. The nearly round or shield-shaped leaves all arise from the base. They are from one to two feet across, slightly cupped or depressed at the center, lobed margin, irregularly toothed. In order to support such large leaves, the plant has thick fleshy petioles or leaf stems, from one to three feet long. The Indian Rhubarb is found along mountain streams, at eleva- tions of fifteen hundred to nearly six thousand feet, in the Sierra Nevada, Cascade and Coast Ranges, from central California to central Oregon. The thick fleshy leafstalks are peeled and eaten by the Indians, who consider them a delicacy. Sometimes they are cooked after the manner of asparagus. They should be used in spring and summer. AZALEA OR PINXTER FLOWER Rhododendron nudiflorum Azalea nudiflora THE wild Azalea or Pinxter Flower is one of the most de- lightful flowering shrubs of the springtime. It is found from Maine to Florida west to Missouri and Texas. An acid soil, es- pecially if it is rocky and sandy, seems to suit it best ; hence we often find it growing with the Low-Bush Blueberries and Winter- green. The Azalea grows from two to six feet high with alternate leaves, which are generally crowded toward the ends of the branches. These short-petioled leaves, which are bright green above, paler beneath, are two to four inches long, slightly obovate, with toothed margins. The clustered flowers appear in April or May according to the latitude, and open with, or often slightly earlier than, the leaves. The individual blossoms are large, with pistil and stamens that extend much beyond the flower. The pink or nearly white glandular corolla has a very pleasing odor, which has given to the plant the name of Wild Honeysuckle. Early Dutch settlers about New York named this shrub the Pinxter Flower from Pentecost, or Whitsunday, because it blooms near that movable date. On the leaves or twigs of the Azalea, there often appears an irregular growth an inch or two across. It is quite heavy and solid, crisp and juicy. It may have been made by an insect, but not as a gall. I have cut or dissected many of them and have found no trace of insect life. It is probably an abnormal growth 155 Azalea produced or started by bacteria. Some think it may be a modified bud. William Hamilton Gibson, in Sharp Eyes, says: "It has no mission in the world except to melt in the mouth of the eager, thirsty small boy. Its cool, translucent, pale green pulp is like balm to his thirsty lips." And again he writes: "How it makes the corners of my jaws ache with thirsty yearning as I think of Azalea or Pinxter Flower (Rhododendron nudiflorum) it." These May apples, as they are sometimes called, are excellent for pickling with spiced vinegar and have been used for that pur- pose since Pilgrim days. By experiment, I find they make a good salad, especially when mixed with other greens. Some years they are quite plentiful, and others they seem scarce. They are usually at their best near the end of May. COMMON MILKWEED, OR SILKWEED Asclepias syriaca Asclepias Cornuti NEARLY every person is familiar with the Common Milkweed, especially in early autumn when the pods burst and the seeds with their parachute arrangement go sailing off in the wind. However, not so many know that the plant is good as a potherb. Milkweed 156 This plant is a native perennial found in old fields, orchards, along roadsides, and in waste places from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. It prefers a rich, somewhat sandy soil. It grows from three to five feet tall with a sturdy tough stem. The leaves, in opposite pairs, are ob- long, tapering at both ends, from four to eight inches long, nearly half as wide, with short stout petioles. The numerous sweet- Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) scented flowers are arranged in globular umbels. The flowers have five sepals, a corolla deeply five-parted, with five upright hoods, each with an incurved horn, and five stamens. The corolla with its hoods is greenish purple or nearly white. The follicle, or warty seed pod, is three to five inches long when mature, splitting on one side. All parts of the plant contain a milky juice. For greens, the plants are collected when young and tender that is, when only a few inches high. Wash them thoroughly, then boil them, changing the water once or twice to remove the milky juice. We have tested this plant several times and find that it 157 Milkweed needs more cooking than some greens but, when well prepared, is much like spinach. In Canada, the tender stems and tops are pre- pared and eaten like asparagus. A good brown sugar can be made from the flowers. Fremont found the Indians of the Platte River country eating the young pods, cooking them with buffalo meat. It is also reported that the Indians ate the pods and stems of the Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa, a common milkweed from the Great Plains east to the Atlantic Coast. This plant has tuberous roots which were also cooked and eaten by the Indians. CORN SALAD, OR LAMB'S LETTUCE Valerianella Locusta Valerianella olitoria THE Corn Salad is a smooth annual plant that grows from six to twelve inches tall, with forked branches. The basal leaves are spatulate, rounded, or obtuse at the apex. The stem leaves are op- posite, sessile, and often toothed ; all are tender and somewhat suc- culent. The small pale blue corolla is nearly regular and funnel- form, with only three stamens. The Corn Salad is a native of Europe, where it is much culti- vated as a potherb and salad plant. In some regions of this country it is cultivated ; but it has escaped and become naturalized from Maine to Ontario, south to Virginia and Arkansas. It grows in fields and waste places and occasionally along roadsides, and will probably become more abundant as the years go by. It is com- monly sold in the markets about New York, where it usually goes by the name of Field Salad. The names Fetticus and Pawnee Lettuce are also used for this plant. As a salad, it is best served with lettuce and Water Cress, with salad dressing, for alone it is rather tasteless. It may be gathered in spring and early sum- mer. It often forms a rosette of leaves in the autumn and may be gathered then. There are several species of the Corn Salad native of the United States. They have white blossoms but otherwise are so nearly like the European Corn Salad that they are difficult to tell from it, and even more difficult to tell from one another ; their most marked difference is in the fruit or seed. They are also collected for salads and to use as spinach. One, the Goosefoot Corn Salad, Valerianella Corn Salad 158 chenopodifolia, is found from western New York to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Kentucky; it generally grows taller than the European species. Another is the Beaked Corn Salad, Valer- ianella radiata, which grows in low ground from Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Others are native of the Middle West, but all may be used alike. CHICORY, OR WILD SUCCORY, OR BLUE-SAILORS Cichorium Intybus THE Chicory is a native of Europe and Asia but has escaped in North America, where it has become a weed in pasture fields, along roadsides, and in waste lands from Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, south to Florida and Kansas, also on the Pacific Coast and locally elsewhere in the South and West. It is a stiff-branching perennial with a deep taproot. It grows from one to three feet tall with rigid angular branches. The leaves are nearly all at the base of the plant, forming a rosette on the ground similar to that of the Dandelion. These leaves are from three to six inches long, spatulate, with cut, lobed, or toothed edges, often curled. The stem leaves are very small and clasping. The flower heads are sessile, often clustered but generally two at a place; sometimes they occur singly. They are from an inch to an inch and a half across, and of a beautiful blue color, or as Emerson says: Grass with green flag half-mast high, Succory to match the sky. From the color of the blossoms, the plant is frequently called Blue-Sailors. Occasionally the flowers are white or pinkish. They generally close by noon, but in cloudy weather may remain open all day. In the spring, the young leaves of the Chicory, which closely resemble those of the Dandelion, are gathered and boiled as a potherb. The water should be poured off once or twice to remove the bitter taste. They are then served like spinach. Several cultivated forms of the Chicory have been developed, and in late years it has become a farm crop in some sections. It 159 Chicory has often been observed that this plant requires the same climatic conditions as the sugar beet. The tender roots are sometimes boiled and served like carrots and parsnips but they have never become popular. The ground roots are roasted and used as a substitute or adulterant of coffee, or sometimes merely to flavor coffee. Some years, millions of pounds of the root have been imported from Europe for this purpose. As a salad plant, large headlike forms with fine-cut blanched leaves have been developed. Great quanti- ties of this form are sold in the city markets. In New Orleans and some other southern cities, much of the coffee is flavored with Chicory. DANDELION Taraxacum officinale Leontodon Taraxacum Taraxacum Dens-leonis THE Dandelion is a plant too common to need description. As a weed it has spread over most of the civilized world. It is a peren- nial that grows from a long, rather stout root, forming a stemless plant above ground. The leaves grow in a rosette, or basal cluster. They are oblong or spatulate, variously cut and toothed. The edges of the leaves have teeth that are supposed to resemble those of a lion, hence Linnaeus gave it the generic name Leontodon, meaning "lion's tooth." The specific name Dens-leonis means the same thing. Even the common name Dandelion refers to the lionlike teeth of the leaves. The hollow flower stems vary from one inch high on a smoothly cut lawn to fifteen or more inches amid the tall grass. The yellow flowers are in a cluster or head that usually opens only in the sunshine. The blossoms are most abundant in May, but about New York I have found them every month in the year. The plants are much more numerous in the eastern states than they are in the West, and I have never seen them growing wild so robust or in such profusion as along Lake Champlain. The leaves of the Dandelion are highly prized as a spring green. They are gathered when young and tender, thoroughly cleaned, then boiled. The cooking should not be too long, and those who do not relish the bitter taste had better change the water once or twice. They are generally served with a lump of butter and a dash of Dandelion 160 vinegar. Many prefer to cook them with a little fat salt pork or bacon chopped fine, then serve with a sour-cream dressing. Some prefer the leaves mixed with other greens. Dandelions are some- times blanched and used raw as a winter salad. They are often cooked and served cold as a salad with or without vinegar. The Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) dried roots have been used as a substitute for coffee. I also find that the roots have been used as a salad. This plant has been used as a vegetable since ancient times, yet it has only recently been cultivated. On the vegetable farms of New Jersey I have seen fields or plots of three or four acres planted in Dandelions and cultivated in the same manner as Potatoes. Several horticultural varieties have been developed that form large leafy plants. In spring and early summer, the Dandelion is now a com- mon vegetable in the city markets of New York and vicinity. 161 Wild Lettuce WILD OR TALL LETTUCE, OR HORSEWEED Lactuca canadensis THE Wild Lettuce is a smooth annual or biennial plant, generally the latter, that grows from four to nine feet tall. The hollow stem has a whitish bloom and is very leafy up to the panicle. The basal leaves are variable, deeply cut, often to the midrib, from five to twelve inches long. The stem leaves are clasping, variously cut and toothed, whitish beneath ; the upper ones are often lance-shaped and entire. The flower heads are about half an inch high. The flowers are yellow and numerous, but not many open at one time. The wild Lettuce prefers a rich, rather moist soil in open places, in hayfields, along fences, open thickets, etc. Horses are very fond of it, hence the name Horseweed. The plant has a wide range, grow- ing from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Louisiana, and New Mexico. When the Wild Lettuce is a few inches tall, up to fifteen inches, the leaves and tender stems make a very good potherb. When boil- ing, the water should be changed to remove the milk and slight bitter taste, unless the latter is desired. The cooking should not be long continued. A little bacon or other fat meat, cut fine and cooked with the plant, is often preferred. Some add a little vinegar. We have tried the Wild Lettuce and know that it may be used as a sub- stitute for the garden variety, especially as a potherb. PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca scariola Lactuca virosa THIS plant, a native of Europe and well known to the ancients, is now a very familiar weed over much of this country. It is also edible. It grows from two to five feet high. The leaves twist or turn edgewise to the sun; for that reason it is sometimes called Compass Plant. The lower part of the stem and the midrib of the leaves are beset with weak prickles. The leaves clasp the stem with earlike projections. Their margins are sharp-toothed almost bris- tle-tipped. The plant is a biennial or sometimes an annual. It frequents fields, waste places, and roadsides and is often a trouble- some weed. When a few inches high, it may be cut for salad or a Prickly Lettuce 162 potherb. I know of country people who gather it regularly. Some botanists believe that the cultivated lettuce was developed from this species. The Prickly Lettuce is found from coast to coast. The young leaves are very tender, and for that reason it makes a very good salad plant. Some prefer it cut in pieces with a little chopped onion and served with French dressing. As a potherb, it needs very little cooking and is excellent when served with a hot dressing of melted butter and vinegar. It should be gathered in the spring or early summer. ADDITIONAL PLANTS WITH EDIBLE STEMS AND LEAVES I FIND record of the following plants being edible. Most of them I have not tested. Reindeer Moss, Cladonia rangiferina. This lichen is common on the ground in the northern states and Canada. When crisp it is sometimes eaten by people in Norway. Woodsmen of Canada some- times drink a strong tea made from it, as a stimulant. Great American Bulrush, Scirpus validus. This is common in swamps nearly throughout North America. The tender part or base of the stem is eaten fresh and raw by the Indians of the North- west. Dayflower, Commelina communis. This and other species of Commelina are now becoming common as weeds in cultivated ground. They are used as potherbs in foreign countries. Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. The Asparagus is native of Europe and Asia and was cultivated in Rome before the Christian Era. It escaped from cultivation in America. The first Asparagus that I ever recall having eaten was obtained from plants that grew wild in fence corners along a field. The roasted seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee and are still recommended for that purpose in Europe. Perfoliate Bellwort, or Wild Oat, Uvularia perfoliata. This bellwort is found from Quebec and Ontario south to Florida and Mississippi. The young shoots are an excellent substitute for As- paragus. The roots are edible when cooked. It should be used only as an emergency food. True Solomon's-Seal, Polygonatum biflorum. The True Solo- mon's-Seal is found from New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Tennessee. The tender plant in spring is said 163 Edible Leaves and Stems to be an excellent vegetable when boiled and served like Asparagus. The American Indians fed upon the starchy root. Francis Parkman states that roots of this plant were used for food by the half-starved French colonists in America. Trillium, or Wake Robin, Trillium grandiflorum. The Large- Flowered Trillium ranges from Quebec to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. According to Kephart, this and other Trilliums "make good greens when cooked." This should be used as an emergency food. Century Plant, Agave parryi. It is from this and other Century Plants of the Southwest that the Apache Indians prepare their famous mescal, said to be palatable and wholesome. The large bud- ding flower stalk is roasted in stone-lined pits until tender and is then enjoyed by the natives. The Sotols, species of Dasylirion, plants related to the Agaves, are prepared and cooked in the same manner by the Indians. Slippery Elm, or Red Elm, Ulmus fulva. This forest tree is found from Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. The inner bark is mucilaginous with a sweet and pleasing flavor. When a boy, the writer and his companions chewed it with ap- parently no ill effects. Trunks of this tree should not be mutilated by removing the bark. To remove it from large roots shows less. The Indians of the Missouri River valley cooked the bark with buffalo fat in rendering out the tallow, to give the latter a pleasing flavor. Emerson, in his Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, says that flour prepared from the bark by drying and grinding, mixed with milk, like Arrowroot, forms a wholesome and nutritious food for infants and invalids. Lady's Thumb, or Heartweed, Polygonum Persicaria, Persicaria Persicaria. This is a weed introduced from Europe, now found nearly throughout North America, except in the extreme north. Horace Kephart says: "Used as an early salad plant in the southern mountains." Slender Pigweed, or Spleen Amaranth, or Keerless, Amaranthus hybridus. This annual weed ranges from Canada south to the Tropics. It is a native of tropical America and is much used when young and tender, especially in the South, as a salad plant or pot- herb. It greatly resembles Spinach. Palmer's Amaranth, Amaranthus Palmeri. Found in dry soil from Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas, also in eastern Massa- chusetts. Native of the Southwest. Used as in the last species. Saltwort, or Glasswort, or Pickle Plant, Salicornia europaea. Edible Leaves and Stems 164 Found in salt marshes from Nova Scotia to Georgia, also about salt springs in central New York (where it is much used for pickling) and in salty soil from Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Kansas and Utah, also Europe and Asia. Sometimes used as a potherb in Europe but chiefly used for pickling. Another Glasswort, Sali- cornia ambigua, which grows in salt marshes along the Pacific coast and also along the Atlantic coast is sometimes used for pickling. Desert Trumpet, or Pickles, Eriogonum inflatum. This member of the buckwheat family is a common and familiar plant on deserts from California east to Colorado and New Mexico. It grows from one to three feet high, repeatedly forked. The lower internodes are generally much swollen or puffed out. These inflated stems are tender when young and may be eaten raw or used for pickles. Canaigre, or Wild Rhubarb, or Pie Dock, or Sour Dock, Rumex hymenosepalus. This wild dock, whose roots are used in tanning leather, is native from California to Texas. The stems of the leaves and stalk are crisp and tart and are often cooked as a substitute for Rhubarb, which it quite resembles. It frequently goes under the name of Wild Pieplant. It is best in early spring. Sea Fig, or Ice Plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, grows wild along the southern California coast. The tender, fleshy stems and leaves have been used as a salad. The Hottentot Fig, Mesem- bryanthemum edule, native of South Africa, has been introduced on the California coast as a sand-dune binder, and is spreading. It is edible, as the name indicates. Shepherd's-Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, is found as a weed in fields and waste places nearly all over the world. It has the peppery flavor of other members of the mustard family and was formerly used as a potherb. The Chinese still use the plant. Horace Kephart says: "A good substitute for spinach. Delicious when blanched and served as a salad. Tastes somewhat like cabbage, but is much more delicate." Peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum. This member of the mustard family is occasionally used as a garnish and sometimes as a salad. It is a weed along roadsides and in waste places. Penny Cress, Thlaspi arvense. This is another member of the mustard family naturalized from Europe and now found in waste places from Quebec to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Kansas. It is an edible cress cultivated in places in Europe. Salad Burnet, or Garden Burnet, or Poterium, Sanguisorba minor, is a native of Europe and Asia and is now naturalized from Maine to New York and Maryland. The young leaves taste like 165 Edible Leaves and Stems green Cucumbers and are used in salads. It is sometimes cultivated, and several varieties have been developed. Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.The young shoots are tender and somewhat resemble Asparagus in appearance. In places in New England, they are gathered and used as a substitute for Asparagus. It is found from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Red Clover, Trifolium pratense. This and other species of Clover are eaten raw or as a salad by the Indians of California, Arizona, and elsewhere. Probably difficult to digest. White or True Wood Sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella. Found in cold damp woods from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to New York and New England and in the mountains to North Carolina; also in Europe and Asia. It has long been cultivated in gardens as a minor vegetable, but never extensively. Leaves acid. Used as a salad and, in parts of Europe, as a spring vegetable. Violet Wood Sorrel, Oxalis violacea. In woods from Massachu- setts to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Its acid leaves are edible. The Yellow Wood Sorrel and also the Sheep or Field Sorrel, Rumex Acetosella, are eaten by children for their pleasing acid flavor. They are sometimes used in salads. Mallow, or Cheeses, Malva rotundifolia. The Round-Leaved Mallow is native of Europe and Asia and was early introduced into America and now grows in waste lands and cultivated grounds over most of our country. The flat carpels or "cheeses" are edible. The Mallow is cultivated as a potherb in Egypt. Pythagoras thought highly of it as a spinach. Greeks and Romans generally thought well of it. Tender shoots are eaten today as a salad in France and Italy. High Mallow, Malva sylvestris. Introduced from Europe into United States and Canada. "A wholesome vegetable when boiled." The seeds are eaten by country people. Whorled or Curled Mallow, Malva verticillata. Introduced from Europe and now found in waste places from Nova Scotia to South Dakota, south to Pennsylvania. "A good potherb" (Kep- hart). Early Blue Violet, or Johnny- Jump-Up, Viola palmata. Found from Massachusetts to Minnesota and south, especially along the mountains to Georgia. Porcher says: "The plant is very mucilagi- nous, and is employed by negroes for thickening soup under the name of 'wild okra.' " Meadow Beauty, or Deer Grass, Rhexia virginica. Found in Edible Leaves and Stems 166 moist, sandy soil from Maine to Florida, west to Iowa, Missouri, and Louisiana. According to Kephart; "The leaves have a sweet- ish, yet acidulous taste. Make a good addition to a salad, and may be eaten with impunity." Great Willow Herb, or Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium, Chamaenerion angustifolium. Greenland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Kansas, and southern California. Generally very com- mon in burned-over lands. Found also in Europe and Asia. The young shoots are used as a substitute for Asparagus. The leaves and young stems when boiled are used as a potherb in Can- ada and in northern Europe. It is reported that in England the leaves are sometimes used to adulterate tea. Scarlet Pimpernel, or Poor Man's Weatherglass, Anagallis ar- vensis. Native of Europe and Asia. Naturalized in this country from Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas, also on the Pacific Coast. In parts of Asia it is eaten as greens. Used in salads in France and Germany. Virginia Waterleaf, or Indian Salad, Hydrophyllum virgini- anum. Quebec to South Carolina, west to South Dakota and Kansas. When young and tender, it is eaten as a salad by the In- dians. It is claimed that this plant was eaten by some of the early settlers in this country. Is said to make good greens. Waterleaf, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. In woods, New York to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Accord- ing to Barton, the young shoots are eaten in the spring as a salad (in Kentucky and probably elsewhere) and are highly prized by all who eat them. American Brooklime, Veronica americana. In brooks and wet places from Quebec to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California. "A salad plant equal to the water- cress. Delightful in flavor, healthful, anti-scorbutic." (Scientific American.) Common Plantain, Plantago major. All too common as a weed in North America, Europe, and Asia. Formerly eaten as a potherb in China. Used as a spring green. Sow Thistle, or Hare's Lettuce, Sonchus oleraceus. A weed in cultivated lands, introduced from Europe. Now found over most of the cultivated regions of the world. Used in Great Britain and Germany as a potherb. Said to be "exceedingly wholesome." Great Burdock, Arctium Lappa. Introduced as a weed from Europe. The Common Burdock, Arctium minus, is much more common and is found in waste lands over much of the United 167 Edible Leaves and Stems States. These despised weeds are said to be cultivated as vegetables in Japan. The large tender leafstalks are peeled and eaten raw, used as a salad, or cooked as Asparagus, which it is said to resemble in flavor. The young flower stalk is cooked in the same manner. The root is also peeled and boiled. Ostrich Fern, Onoclea Struthiopteris, Matteuccia Struthiop- teris. The stout scaly rootstocks were cooked, boiled, or roasted and eaten by the Abnaki Indians of northern New England and Quebec. Newfoundland to Virginia, northwest to British Colum- bia. Spotted Touch-Me-Not, or Jewel Weed, Impatiens biflora. The succulent stems of the Touch-Me-Not are said to be edible, if taken when the plants are young. It often grows in great abun- dance. It is found from Nova Scotia to southern Alaska south to Florida, Kansas, and Oregon. Should be used in spring and early summer. EDIBLE ROOTS AND TUBERS Where the groundnut trails its vine, Where the wood-grape's clusters shine. JOHN G. WHITTIER FOR our vegetable diet we depend much upon cultivated root crops such as carrots, parsnips, turnips, and beets, along with the potato, which in reality is an underground stem. I find it is a general be- lief that the North American Indians got their vegetable food en- tirely from wild material, especially from roots; but of course this was not the case. They had their cultivated plots or gardens, par- ticularly in the East, where they grew corn, beans, pumpkins, to- bacco, and possibly potatoes. They did depend, however, much on wild foods, especially fleshy roots, during certain seasons of the year. This was particularly true in the Far West, where the dry climate made gardening almost impossible. Even to this day, the western Indians make great use of fleshy roots and tubers. Many roots have an acrid, bitter, or undesirable taste, and fre- quent changing of the water is necessary to remove this. Some- times it is removed by boiling, then allowing the roots to dry out thoroughly, after which they may be ground into meal. A majority of our edible roots are perennials that store up food for the future use of the plant. This starchy material may be turned to man's account. Many human beings have starved on the plains and deserts, amid plenty, not knowing what to eat or how to prepare it. ARROWHEAD, OR ARROWLEAF, OR WAPATOO Sagittaria latifolia Sagittaria variabilis THE Arrowhead is a familiar plant growing in shallow water in ponds and marshes, or along the borders of sluggish streams nearly throughout the United States and southern Canada. It even ex- tends into Mexico. It grows from a few inches to two or three 169 Arrowhead 170 feet tall and varies wonderfully in the form of the leaf. Several other species are very similar, and the earlier botanists of this coun- try did not attempt to separate them. For our purpose we will consider these forms as one species. The rootstock is a tuber with numerous fibrous roots. The leaves are basal on long petioles and vary greatly in size and shape. They are generally arrow-shaped with long-pointed basal lobes. The white flowers are borne on the upper part of the scape, usually in clusters of three. The upper flowers generally bear stamens only, and the lower ones, pistils. The blossoms are an inch to an inch and a half broad ; the three sepals persist, but the three rounded showy petals drop after a few days. The seeds, more properly called achenes, are winged on both mar- gins, ending in a curved beak. The flowering season occurs from July to September. The tuberous roots of the Arrowhead were much used for food by the Indians. They were boiled like potatoes, or sometimes roasted in hot ashes. The Algonquin Indians called the plant Katniss and were very fond of it as an article of food. It was also much used by the Indians of the West, especially those of Oregon, who called it Wapatoo, and where next to the Camas it is said to be the most valuable native food plant. The tubers are eaten by the Chinese in the lower Sacramento valley where this plant is very common and is called Tule Potato. It is claimed that a species of Sagittaria is cultivated in China for its tuberous roots. Lewis and Clark record how at the mouth of the Multnomah River, now called the Willamette, the native tribes subsisted chiefly on wapatoo, an edible root about the size of a hen's egg and closely resembling a potato. It was their chief vegetable to eat with fish or meat, and an important article of trade. Near the mouth of the Columbia, they record: "We purchased from the old squaw, for armbands and rings, a few wappatoo roots, on which we subsisted. They are nearly equal in flavor to the Irish potato and afford a very good substitute for bread." All through the winter of 1805-1806, when encamped near the mouth of this river, they continued to trade for wapatoo. It was their chief vege- table food, and was never out of season. On the return journey, Lewis, the botanist of the expedition, observed the Indian women collecting the roots where the Willamette joins the Columbia. The women used a very light, shallow canoe ten to fourteen feet long and two feet wide, that would hold one person and several bushels of roots. He says: 171 Arrowhead She takes one of these canoes into a pond where the water is as high as the breast, and by means of her toes, separates from the root this bulb, which on being freed from the mud, rises immediately to the surface of the water and is thrown into the canoe. In this manner, these patient females remain in the water for several hours, even in the depth of winter. This plant is found through the whole extent of the valley in which we now are, but does not grow on the Columbia farther eastward. CHUFA, OR NUT GRASS, OR EARTH ALMOND Cyperus esculentus THE Chuf a, or Nut Grass, is an edible plant belonging to the sedge family. It is perennial from tuberous bearing rootstocks. The culms or stems are one to two feet tall, rather stout, triangular. The grass- like leaves which appear near the base have a prominent midrib and are light green, about as long as the stem. At the top of the stalk are three to six smaller leaves forming an involucre around the umbel or flower cluster. The umbel has five to eight rays, which are sometimes compound. The spikelets are numerous, straw- colored, flat, spreading, and many-flowered. The Nut Grass is found from New Brunswick to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas; also on the Pacific Coast from California to Alaska, and in Europe, Asia, and many tropical countries. It spreads by the nutlike tubers and sometimes becomes a troublesome weed in low or moist fields. The tubers, clustered about the base of the plant, are sweet and edible with a nutty flavor. The plant is cultivated, especially in the South and in Europe, for these tubers. We sometimes see them advertised in seed catalogues. We have cultivated the plant and enjoyed eating the tubers. The cultivated form of the plant rarely blooms in the North. It goes under many common names beside those given above, one of which is Edible Galingale. Another Nut Grass, Cyperus rotundus, sometimes called Coco Grass, is very similar to the species described above. It has fewer rays in the umbel with dark brownish purple spikelets. It is found in sandy fields from Virginia to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. It is occasionally found in the North, where it was introduced es- pecially about the seaports. It is a bad weed in many places in the South. The nutlike tubers of this plant are also edible. Ja ck-in-th e-Pulpit 172 JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, OR INDIAN TURNIP Arisaema triphyllum FEW if any of our native wild flowers are better known than the Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Even the burning acid nature of the rootstock or bulb has been learned by a great many people in the bitter school of experience. This perennial grows from one to nearly three feet Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) high from a starchy bulb or corm. The two petioled leaves are sheathed with the flower stalk; each has three ovate, pointed leaflets, with entire or sometimes lobed margins. The leaves vary greatly in appearance : in some plants, they have a white bloom beneath ; in others, the under surface is dark green and glossy. Botanists have described these as separate species, but for our purpose we will consider the various forms as one. At the top of the flower stalk is a round, club-shaped spadix two or three inches long with the 1 73 Jack-in-the-Pulpit small greenish yellow flowers near its base. The lower blossoms are pistillate; the upper, staminate. Surrounding the spadix is a green and purple striped spathe ending in a flap over the top. The colors of the spathe vary greatly and are generally brightest in plants that get the most light. The poet has well described it: Fair is the canopy over him seen, Pencilled by nature's hand, black, brown, and green. Green is his surplice, green are his bands; In his queer little pulpit the little priest stands. The blossoms are followed by a cluster of green berries which become bright red when ripe and are extremely acrid. The bulb, or corm, is slightly flattened or turnip-shaped, with numerous root- lets around the outer edge. It is starchy, but at the same time is the most stinging, burning thing to be found in the woods. It is claimed that the Indians removed the burning taste by boiling, after which these roots were cooked with venison. I have experimented with the Indian Turnip ; after boiling and changing the water two or three times, the roots were still too pungent to eat. When I left them for several weeks, or until they were thoroughly dried, the acrid condition naturally left them and the starch became pleas- ant and nutritious. This would indicate that the burning is produced by physical properties of the bulb instead of chemical properties as is generally supposed. Perhaps it would be best to first boil, then dry them; afterward they could be ground into meal and baked into cakes or used for gruel after the Indian fashion. The Jack-in-the-Pulpit grows in rich woods, often where it is slightly moist, from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Louisiana. It may be collected in spring or summer (for experiment). SWEET FLAG, OR CALAMUS ROOT Acorus Calamus THE Sweet Flag, or Calamus, is a close relative of the Indian Turnip, both belonging to the arum family. It grows in masses in swamps, marshy grounds, and along sluggish streams, and is a native of Europe and Asia as well as America. In this country it ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. In general appearance, the plant resembles an iris. It has fleshy Calamus Root 174 rootstocks which grow in closely matted masses often many feet in extent, and to the exclusion of all other plants. The sword- shaped leaves resemble those of the iris, but they are glossy and yellow-green while those of the iris are bluish green and dull. The leaves are one to three feet long and about an inch wide with sharp /TI\ Calamus (Acorus Calamus) edges and a prominent midvein. They closely sheath each other at the base. The three-angled scape is nearly as tall as the leaves. About half- way up is the spikelike spadix, standing out at an angle, two or three inches long and about half an inch thick at the base. It is thickly covered with tiny yellowish green flowers. The spadix is not surrounded by a spathe as in most other members of the arum family. The leaflike extension of the stalk is really a spathe. The interior of the stalk is sweet hence the name Sweet Flag. Edible Morel (JVlorchella esculenta var. cornea/ Yucca-Southern Texas, probably Yucca Treculeana Mandrake or May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum) Wild or ocanet strawberry (*ragaria virginiana) uiacKDerry one ot our best edible wild fruits American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) ^ ... Photo by George T. Hasting* California Fan Palm (Washingtonia filifera), Palm Canyon, California. Fruit may be seen hanging from the trees Nest of the pack rat in New Mexico under which is his store ot Photo by Ueorge 1 . Black Locust (Robinia Pseudo- Acacia ) Hastings metto or Cabbage Palm (Sabal Palmetto) Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) common 1'okc or Figeonberry (Phytolacca dccandra) Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Photo by Dr. Frank Overt on Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History of Neellow in autumn. The leaves, twigs, bark, and berries of Spicebush have a strong aromatic odor and taste. In earlier days it was used in medicines, but it is doubtful if the plant has any particular virtue in that re- spect. It is used for tea, however, especially in the South. During the Civil War, it was much used as a substitute for tea both by the soldiers and by their friends at home. They used the leaves as well as twigs and bark. The pioneers also used it in colonizing the American wilderness. Andre Michaux, the French botanist, in 209 Spicebush traveling through the American wilderness wrote in his journal February 9, 1796, after stopping at a settler's cabin: "I had supped the previous evening on tea made from the shrub called Spicewood. A handful of young twigs or branches is set to boil and after it has boiled at least a quarter of an hour, sugar is added and it is drunk like tea. I was told that milk makes it much more agreeable to the taste. This beverage restores strength, and it had that effect, for I was very tired when I arrived." I have made tea from both twigs and bark of the Spicebush and find that when sugar and cream are added, it makes quite a pleasant drink. However, I prefer Sassafras or Wintergrcen. It is claimed that at the time of the American Revolution the berries were dried, powdered, and used as a substitute for allspice. SWEET BAY, OR RED BAY, OR LAUREL, OR ISABELLA WOOD Persea Borbonia A THIRD member of the laurel family (the one to which the Sassafras and Spicebush belong) is the Sweet Bay, which is found from Delaware to Florida, west to Texas and as far north as Arkansas. It grows along streams and in swamps near the coast, apparently never away from the coastal plain. It is sometimes shrublike, but usually is a small tree, thirty to fifty or even sixty feet high, with dark reddish brown bark in flat ridges. The ever- green leaves are two to five inches long, about one-third as wide, often rather long-pointed at both ends. They are somewhat leathery with entire margins, bright green above, pale beneath. The petioles are a third of an inch to an inch long. From the axils of the leaves arise small panicles of yellowish green perfect flowers. By "perfect" we mean pistil and stamens are in the same flower. The Sassafras and Spicebush are both dioecious ; that is, pistils on one tree or bush, stamens on another. The blue, one-seeded berries on red pedicels are quite like those of the Sassafras but are a little larger, about half an inch in diameter. All parts of the tree are aromatic. The dried leaves of the bay tree are much used in cooking, espe- cially in the South. They are exceptionally important in Creole cookery. In almost any grocery or drugstore in the country, at least in those that sell spices, one can buy packages of Sweet Bay or Laurel leaves. They are supposed to be from the Sweet Bay or Laurel of southern Europe, Laurus nobilis, famed in song and story, Sweet Bay 210 whose leaves were used to crown Greek heroes. The European Laurel and the southern Sweet Bay are closely related, and I find practically no difference in the flavor produced by each. Friends of the writer in southeastern Texas who used both the leaves of the wild Sweet Bay of the South and the store material are under the impression that they not only are alike but come from the American tree. The name Laurel is rather unfortunate in this connection, for the Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), a shrub belonging to an entirely different family of plants, is somewhat poisonous, while the Sweet Bay not only is harmless but gives off a pleasing aroma wherever employed. The leaves are used in confections and to flavor roasts and stews, also in "stuffing" or dressing for roast fowl and other meats. They are used to flavor certain types of soups, especially crab gumbo. Many people prefer to collect and dry their own leaves. The best time for this purpose is early summer just after the new growth has been made, although they can be gathered at any season since the tree is evergreen. The leaves should be carefully gathered and washed, then spread out to dry. When thoroughly dry they may be kept for a year or two. We collected some in Texas and used them when the occasion demanded. The Sweet Bay has been in favor since colonial times. The southern colonists probably learned its use because it so closely re- sembles the Laurel or Sweet Bay of Europe, or they may have learned its use from the Indians. In passing, it may be of interest to know that the Avocado, or Alligator Pear (Persea gratissima), is a brother of the Sweet Bay described above; both are members of the same genus. APPLE (FOR CIDER) Pyrus malus DESCRIBED under Edible Wild Fruits. KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE, OR CHICOT, OR AMERICAN COFFEE BEAN Gymnocladus dioica THE Kentucky Coffee Tree reaches a maximum diameter of nearly three feet and a height of about ninety feet. The great ma- jority of trees are much smaller. The gray bark is rough, rather 211 Kentucky Coffee Tree deeply fissured, often covered with rather thin recurved scales. The leaves are doubly compound and sometimes are nearly three feet long and two feet wide. The secondary leafstalks have each from seven to fifteen leaflets. The Q\ ate leaflets are rounded at the base, sharp-pointed, with entire or wavy margins. The greenish white flowers in terminal racemes appear in June. The legumes or seed pods are reddish brown with a grayish bloom, five to eight inches long, an inch and a half wide, flattened but quite heavy. There are six to nine seeds, each surrounded by a dark sweetish pulp. The slightly oval flattish seeds are nearly three-fourths of an inch long, grayish brown, very hard. The Kentucky Coffee Tree ranges from central New York to South Dakota, south to Tennessee and Oklahoma. It is planted as a shade or ornamental tree farther east. As a wild tree it is rather rare, and one is much more likely to find it in cultivation. It pre- fers a rich, moist soil, and usually grows in lowlands along streams. This is one of the last trees to come out in leaf in the spring and drops its leaves quite early in autumn. The branchlets are few and stout corresponding to the size of the leaf. The French Canadians call it Chicot, which means "stump," and the generic name means "naked branch" ; the tree is without leaves such a long period of the year. The large seed pods on thick stems generally remain on the tree all winter. The pioneers apparently made much use of the seeds of this tree, which were roasted and ground, then used as a substitute for coffee. This was in the interior of our country before and during the Revo- lutionary War. Kentucky was settled early, when it was practically impossible to get commercial coffee to that region. It is claimed that the seeds were roasted and eaten by the Indians. It is also recorded that Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1820, when en- camped on the Missouri River, used these seeds as a substitute for coffee and found the drink wholesome and palatable. STAGHORN SUMAC, OR LEMONADE TREE Rhus hirta Rhus typhina THE sumacs are well known to most country people. The com- mon Staghorn Sumac is our largest species, growing to a height of more than thirty feet and a diameter of nearly six inches. The young twigs are densely covered with velvety hairs resembling the Staghorn Sumac 212 horns of a stag in appearance and mode of branching. The bark is smooth, the juice or sap milky, the pith large, and the wood orange streaked with green. The pinnate leaves are about twenty inches long with eleven to twenty-nine leaflets, the average number being about twenty-one. The oblong-lanceolate leaflets are three to five inches long, sharp-pointed, rounded at the base with saw-toothed edges. They are dark green above and pale beneath. The flowers Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina) occur in dense terminal panicles. The blossoms are small, yellowish green. The calyx is five-lobed, and the corolla has five petals. The blooming period is June sometimes later. Some trees bear stamens only, and others have the pistillate blossoms. The staminate panicles are sometimes nearly a foot long and spreading. The fertile panicles are smaller and very dense, making a compact fruit cluster. The small, one-seeded drupes, or berries, covered with crimson hairs, mature early in autumn and remain on the trees all winter. The Staghorn Sumac grows in dry, gravelly, or rocky soil from Nova Scotia to South Dakota, and south to Georgia, Indiana, and Iowa. It is generally clustered, spreading by the roots, in thickets, along the borders of woods, fences, or frequently in old fields. It grows rapidly but is short-lived. The fruit of the Staghorn Sumac is very sour; hence the name 213 Stay horn Sumac Vinegar Tree which is sometimes applied to this species. When the berries are placed in water for a short time, a pleasing and agree- able drink is formed, known to boys as "Indian lemonade." For this purpose the berries are best in late summer or early autumn. The Smooth or Scarlet Sumac, Rhus glabra, is a shrub five to fifteen feet tall. It is quite similar to the Staghorn in general ap- pearance, especially at a distance, but the young twigs are smooth with a pale bluish or whitish bloom. The flower and fruiting pan- icles are also quite similar to those of the Staghorn. The fruits have the same sour taste and are just as good for making Indian lemon- ade. They are sometimes used as a substitute for lemon juice. The Smooth Sumac is common in neglected fields, along roadsides and borders of woods, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. The Dwarf or Mountain Sumac, Rhus copallina, is a shrub or, in the southern part of its range, sometimes a small tree. It is quite similar to the two preceding species, but the rachis, or leaf stem, to which the leaflets are attached is wing-margined a feature that distinguishes it from the other sumacs. It grows in dry soil from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. It is generally most common in mountainous regions. Its panicles of bright red fruits may also be used for making Indian lemonade. THE FRAGRANT OR SWEET-SCENTED SUMAC Rhus canadensis Rhus aromatica Schmaltzia crenata THE Fragrant Sumac is a sweet-scented shrub usually only a few feet high. The leaves have three leaflets which are aromatic when crushed. The bright red fruits, which occur in small clusters, are very acid. I know by experiment that they can be used in mak- ing Indian lemonade. The Fragrant Sumac is a shrub of rocky situations from Vermont, Ontario, and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. The Ill-Scented Sumac, or Squawbush, Rhus trilobata, Schmalt- zia trilobata, is very similar to the last species and by many botanists is considered only a variety of it. It is native from Illinois to Texas, west to the Pacific Coast. Dr. Harvey M. Hall in his Yosemite Flora says of this shrub: "The Squaw Bush is of great service to the Squawbush 214 Indians who utilize the split stems in basketry and who prepare a refreshing beverage by soaking the berries in water." The Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron, the Poison Oak, Rhus quercifolia, and the Poison Sumac, Rhus vernix, all have white fruits and cannot well be confused with any of the above described species, all of which have red fruits. LEMONADE BERRY Rhus integrifolia THICKETS of this shrub are often found on hillsides and growing about the sand dunes of southern California. It does not extend far back from the coast. The evergreen leaves are rounded at the apex. The red berries are arranged in stiff panicled spikes. They are larger than those of most other sumacs and excrete an acid sub- stance that, when soaked in water, makes an excellent drink. The Indians made use of it, as do boys of this age. I have tried the bev- erage and find it a good substitute for lemonade. NEW JERSEY TEA, OR REDROOT Ceanothus americanus THE New Jersey Tea is a common shrub that inhabits dry sandy or gravelly soil in open woods and thickets from Maine to Mani- toba, south to Florida and Texas. The upright stems, usually sev- eral from the same root cluster, are one to three feet tall. The alternate ovate leaves are two or three inches long, less than half as wide, pointed at the apex, base often heart-shaped, edges saw- toothed, rather strongly three-nerved. The small white flowers ap- pear about the first of June. They are arranged in small dense panicles on the ends of the branches. The shrub is conspicuous in blossom. In fact, it is attractive and decorative in cultivation. Few wild flowers attract such a variety of insects as the blossoms of the New Jersey Tea. The red root makes an excellent dye. This plant was used as a substitute for tea during the American Revolution, especially by the soldiers, when Oriental tea, brought in English vessels, was very unpopular, and its use considered un- patriotic. The leaves were dried, and an infusion made from them which was very palatable, but certainly not so pleasant as that of real tea. However, it is a good substitute, and no doubt would 215 New Jersey Tea cheer and refresh a tired soldier camping under unfavorable con- ditions. J have made tea from both the green and the dried leaves; the latter are the better, and cream and sugar improve the flavor. When I was discussing colonial life and customs before a women's club, the refreshment committee, at the close of the meeting, served New Jersey tea made from leaves which I had previously gathered and dried. It added much interest to the meeting; and of the hundred or more women who partook of this colonial beverage, some seemed to enjoy it and spoke highly of its flavor. CASSENA, OR YAUPON, OR INDIAN BLACK DRINK Ilex vomitoria THE Yaupon is an evergreen holly of the southern states found in swamps and along streams near the coast from Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. It is generally a shrub, sometimes a small tree, and often is so abundant as to form dense thickets. The leathery leaves are small, usually little more than an inch long, elliptic in outline with crenate or wavy edges. They are deep green and shining above, pale beneath. The petioles are about an eighth of an inch long. The small white flowers are in short axillary clus- ters. There are four sepals, four corolla lobes, and four stamens. The red berries are about one-fourth inch in diameter, or a little smaller than those of the Holly (Ilex opaca). From the leaves of this shrub, the American Indians obtained their famous black drink. For this purpose the leaves were dried and often toasted. It apparently was an article of trade among the Indians, and in the interior of the country was used by the native tribes on both sides of the Mississippi River. The leaves are often used for tea along the south Atlantic coast and sometimes can be purchased in the markets. When very strong, the tea occasionally acts as an emetic. The shrub is a very close relative of the Mate, or Paraguay Tea (Ilex paraguayensis), and the beverage is said to be quite like that of the latter plant. As the shrub is evergreen, the leaves may be gathered at any season. In southeastern Texas, where this shrub is abundant and goes under the name of Yaupon, I collected the leaves, washed and dried them. I cared little for the tea made from them ; neither did I like the Paraguay tea which I secured for comparison. To me, the flavor Yaupon 216 of the two was quite alike. Both are said to be stimulating beverages, and I think a person could develop a liking for them. DAHOON HOLLY Ilex Cassine THE Dahoon Holly is a shrub found in swamps along the At- lantic and Gulf coasts from Virginia to Louisiana. In some re- spects it is quite like the species described above ; but the evergreen leaves are larger, oblong, entire or sometimes toothed toward the apex. The leaves are used for tea and are said to be sold in the mar- kets along the south Atlantic coast. The Creek Indians were ap- parently fond of the tea made from the toasted leaves. LABRADOR TEA Ledum groenlandicum THE Labrador Tea is a beautiful evergreen shrub that grows from one to three feet high. The twigs are densely covered with wool. The alternate entire leaves are oblong in outline, blunt or rounded at the end with the margins rolled in. They are one to two inches long, dark green above, densely covered with light brown wool beneath. The foliage is quite thick and leathery, and fragrant when crushed in the hand. The flowers of the Labrador Tea, which appear in early summer, are on the ends of the twigs in short umbel-like clusters. The nu- merous blossoms, less than half an inch across, are white, with five spreading petals. The small calyx is five-toothed; there are usu- ally five stamens and a five-celled seed pod. This shrub is found growing in swamps, bogs, and damp woods from Greenland and Labrador southwest to Connecticut, Pennsyl- vania, Michigan, Minnesota, and Washington. It is common north- ward, but in the southern part of its range is confined chiefly to mountain swamps and bogs. It is said to have been used as a tea during the Revolutionary War. I recently collected some in a mountain bog in northern Pennsylvania and tested it out after the leaves were dried. The tea had a slight aroma and a taste (to me) somewhat like Oriental tea. It was not disagreeable, and I think could be enjoyed by the camper. When a little lemon was added, it made a fairly good iced tea. In speaking of this shrub, one author says its juices are "bitter, astringent, and narcotic." The tea pre- 217 Labrador Tea Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum) pared by me showed none of these qualities; however, there was apparently a slight physiological effect, and I would not advise drinking more than a cup of this tea at one time. The Western Labrador Tea, Ledum glandulosum, is said to be poisonous. WINTERGREEN, OR MOUNTAIN TEA Gaultheria procumbens DESCRIBED under Edible Wild Fruits. CREEPING SNOWBERRY Chiogenes hispidula DESCRIBED under Edible Wild Fruits. Spearmint 2 1 8 SPEARMINT, OR COMMON MINT Mentha spicata THE Spearmint, well known to the ancients, is a native of Eu- rope and Asia, but was introduced into this country more than two hundred years ago and is now well established. It may be found along watercourses and in wet places from Nova Scotia to Wash- ington on the Pacific Coast, south to Florida, Texas, and California. This is a smooth perennial with creeping roots. It grows from one to two feet tall, branched, with opposite lanceolate leaves. The leaves are sessile or nearly so, toothed, long-pointed or sharp at the apex, narrowed at the base. The pale purple flowers are whorled in slender, terminal, interrupted spikes. The Spearmint, like the other species of this genus, is used more for flavoring than it is for a beverage. The oil is distilled in the same manner as that of Peppermint and is used for flavoring chexving gum and candies. This plant is often grown in gardens for house- hold use and is served with vinegar as a sauce for roast lamb. In some parts of the country, it is called Lamb Mint. Sprigs of it are often used for making mint julep and mint jelly. The American Wild Mint, Mentha canadcnsis, found from New Brunswick to Virginia, west to the Pacific Coast, is a common plant in low or marshy ground. It is sometimes cultivated in gardens for its fragrant odor and pleasing taste. It is used for flavoring. The Indians of Maine roasted the leaves before a fire and ate them with salt in the belief that they were nourishing. PEPPERMINT Mentha piperita WE are all familiar with the taste and odor of peppermint, but not many people know the plant as it grows along brooksides and ditches and in wet places. It is a perennial spreading by creeping rootstocks. The square stems characteristic of the mint family grow from one to two feet tall. They are usually purplish, branching near the summit. The opposite leaves, on short petioles, are ovate- lanceolate, with sharp-toothed edges and pointed apex. They are from one to three inches long and about half as wide, very strongly scented with peppermint. The flowers are in terminal spikes, one to three inches long, generally dense but sometimes loose or inter- 219 Peppermint rupted. The numerous purple-pink blossoms are nearly a quarter of an inch long or about the same length as the four stamens. The Peppermint is native of Europe and Asia but was early in- troduced into America and is now a common plant from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. It is largely cultivated for the pungent oil found in glands in the leaves. This is obtained by pressure and distillation. Southern Michigan is the center of the peppermint oil industry, and is said to produce half of the world's supply of peppermint oil. Northern Indiana and the southern part of New York State also produce it. Peppermint is much more used in candy making than any other flavoring sub- stance. It also has a medicinal value. The leaves are sometimes used for seasoning and the plant is occasionally grown in gardens for this purpose. The householder can get the flavoring from fresh leaves by boiling them in water for a few minutes and using the solution which contains the oil. CHIA Salvia columbariae DESCRIBED under Edible Seeds and Seed Pods. CHICORY Cichorium Intybus DESCRIBED under Salad Plants. SWEET GOLDENROD Solidago odora AMONG all our goldenrods more than fifty species are found in the northeastern United States there is at least one that appeals to both sight and smell. It is the Sweet or Anise-Scented Goldenrod, the name being derived not from the flower cluster but from the odor of the crushed leaves. The majority of these plants are strik- ing in appearance but have odors that are not pleasant. The Sweet Goldenrod ranges from Maine and Vermont south to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas. It grows in fertile but dry or sandy soil along the borders of thickets, in open woods, or on Sweet Goldenrod 220 sunny hillsides. It is a slender species, growing only two or three feet high, often reclining. The lanceolate leaves are two to four inches long and about half an inch wide, sessile, sharp-pointed, with entire margins and a prominent midvein. The leaves have numer- ous tiny clear dots which secrete an aniselike fragrance. The spread- ing racemes of yellow flowers form a one-sided panicle. It blooms from July to September. The fragrant leaves, when dried and steeped in water, form a beverage that is quite pleasing. The plant is sometimes referred to as Blue Mountain Tea. I find it recorded that the dried flowers make a pleasant and wholesome tea substitute. Charles F. Saunders in his Useful Wild Plants says of this species: "In some parts of the country, the gathering of the leaves to dry and peddle in the winter has formed a minor rural industry, yielding a modest reve- nue." In Alphonso Wood's Manual of Botany we find it recorded: "The only species of solidago which has properties generally con- sidered agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs. They are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China." ADDITIONAL PLANTS USED FOR BEVERAGES AND FLAVORING Bird's-Foot Fern, or Tea Fern, or Bird's-Foot Cliff Brake, Pellaea ornithopus. This fern, which grows in dry, often rocky situ- ations from near sea level to six thousand feet, is often used as a beverage. It is native to California. The tea made by steeping the stems and leaves is tasty and somewhat aromatic. I recall once camp- ing with gold prospectors in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. When we ran out of Oriental tea and could obtain no more, we used this as a substitute and found it agreeable. The miners spoke of it as rock-fern tea. The plants may be gathered at any time, for it is evergreen. Douglas Spruce, or Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Native from California to Alaska. A tea made from the leaves of this magnificent tree is used by the Indians and sometimes by the whites. Black Spruce, Picea mariana, and Red Spruce, Picea rubra, are common trees of southern Canada and the northern border of the United States, farther south in the mountains, whose young twigs and leaves are used in making the famous beverage, "spruce beer." Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, sometimes called Spruce Pine or 221 Beverage Plants Hemlock Spruce, is a familiar tree in the north, extending south in the mountains to Alabama. A tea made from the leaves was used by the Indians, who apparently relished it. The lumbermen of Maine and Canada often resort to hemlock tea. Desert Tea, or Teamsters' Tea, Ephedra sp. The Desert Tea is a shrub two to five feet high belonging to the joint-fir family, related to the junipers. There are three or four cpecics very much alike, all growing in the dry regions of the Southwest. The leaves are reduced to mere bracts in whorls around the joints. A tea made by boiling the branches has long been used medicinally and has since become a popular beverage with both the Indians and the whites. It is some- times called Mexican tea. Sweet Gale, Myrica Gale. The Sweet Gale is a shrub two to four feet high growing in swamps and along ponds and lakes from Newfoundland to Alaska, south along the northern tier of states, and in the mountains to Virginia. The leaves have a pungent spicy odor, said to be valuable in giving a pleasant flavor to roasts. Sweet Fern, Myrica asplenifolia, Comfitonia peregrina, is a shrub one to three feet tall with fernlike leaves that when crushed give off a pleasing sweet fragrance. It grows on dry wooded hillsides and in neglected fields from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina and Indiana. The leaves are reported to have been dried and used for tea during the Revolution. I have not tried it. Sweet Bay, or Laurel Magnolia, Magnolia virginiana. The Sweet Bay is a shrub or small tree deciduous in the North, but evergreen in the South. Found in swamps east of the mountains from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to Arkansas and Texas. It is said that the leaves give flavor to roasts and gravy and perfume is made from the very fragrant flowers. Purple or Water Avens, Geum rivale. This perennial plant grows in swamps and wet ground from Newfoundland to New Jersey, west to Alberta and Colorado. It has an aromatic root and an orange-purple flower about an inch across. The purplish root is used in making a beverage used as a substitute for cocoa. The plant is sometimes called Chocolate Root from its color and use. Coffee Senna or Coffeeweed, Cassia occidentalis, is a native of tropical America and also of the old world. It has spread into the United States from Virginia to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. The seeds, known as Magdad coffee, are roasted and used as a sub- stitute for real coffee. Even in Africa it is used as a coffee substitute. Chaparral Tea or Encinilla, Croton corymbulosus, grows from Western Texas to Arizona and south into Mexico. The flowering Beverage Plants 222 tops boiled in water make a very palatable drink. According to Havard, the colored soldiers of the southwestern frontier in our country preferred it to coffee. The Appalachian Tea, or Evergreen Winterberry, Ilex glabra, grows from Nova Scotia to Florida, mainly near the coast. Dried leaves of this shrub are used as a substitute for Paraguay tea. The Black Alder, or Winterberry, Ilex verticillata, is a shrub in swampy or wet places from Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Missouri. Its leaves have also been used as a substitute for Oriental tea. Wild Coffee, or Horse Gentian, Triosteum perfoliatum, also called Feverwort and Tinker's Weed, grows in rich woods and along fences and roadsides from Massachusetts to Nebraska, south to Alabama and Missouri. The dried and toasted berries are said to have been used by the early Pennsylvania Germans as a substi- tute for coffee and pronounced good. Yerba Buena, Micromeria chamissonis, is an aromatic little plant of the Pacific Coast, belonging to the mint family. The dried leaves steeped in water make a palatable beverage. Ground Ivy, Gill-over-the-Ground, Nepeta hederacea, Glecoma hederacea. Introduced from Europe, now extending from New- foundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas, and Colorado. It is said that the poor in England often use the leaves for making tea. Garden or Lemon Balm, Melissa officinalis. This lemon-scented plant is a native of Europe. It was planted in gardens in this coun- try and has now escaped from Maine to Georgia, west to Missouri. It is used in seasoning, to flavor liquors, and in medicines. It was once cultivated for these purposes. Oswego Tea, or Bee Balm, Monarda didyma, is a fragrant plant with large heads of scarlet flowers. It may be found from Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Tea is sometimes made from the leaves. Its strong mint flavor is sometimes employed in cooking. It frequently is mentioned in lists of pot and sweet herbs. The Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa, and other species of Mo- narda have the same properties as the Oswego Tea. Several additional plants belonging to the mint family were brought into this country from Europe for flavoring or other cul- inary purposes and have escaped. Among these we may mention the Common Horehound, Marrubium vulgare, Summer Savory, Satureja hortensis, Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, Marjoram, Ori- ganum vulgare, probably the most abundant weed of the south- Beverage Plants ern Catskill Mountains, Wild Thyme, Thymus Serpyllum, prob- ably the most abundant plant of the northern Catskill Mountains, Horsemint, Mentha longifolia, and Field Mint, Mentha arvensis. The Fragrant Giant Hyssop, Agastache Foeniculum, a native mint, was used by the Indians of the Missouri valley for making a bev- erage and as a flavor in cooking. Carolina Vanilla, or Vanilla Leaf, Trilisa odoratissima, is a plant belonging to the thistle family. It grows in pine woods from Vir- ginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. The crushed leaves have the odor of vanilla. In Florida it is used to some extent commercially by tobacconists to flavor smoking tobacco. SUGARS AND GUMS A GREAT many flowers have glands that secrete nectar, a sweet substance that bees gather and make into honey. Sugar is very com- mon in the juices of fruits, and many plants and trees have sap that is sweet and, when boiled down, forms syrup or sugar. For quality, the peer of these is the Sugar Maple. Other plants and trees have a resinous substance with their sap. Some of these exude a gummy material that was chewed by the American Indians long before the advent of white people. A few have become popular with the whites and are even sold commercially. The gums are often mixed with sugar which dissolves in the chewing. SUGAR PINE Pinus lambertiana THE Sugar Pine has thick brown bark with rough ridges, and five leaves or needles in a cluster. The leaves are two to four inches long. The cones are about six inches thick when opened, and thir- teen inches long sometimes longer. This is a common tree in the mountains of California and Oregon. John Muir, who admired beautiful trees, called it the Queen of the Sierras. When it is cut into or is injured, the exuding sap forms lumps of a sugary sub- stance that is at first white but later turns brown. Muir thought this was the best of sweets. I have collected it fresh from the trees in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and found it sweet, but cared little for the resinous quality. However, many young people in the mountains seem to relish it. The sugar gradually dissolves, leaving a gummy substance which might serve for chewing gum. BALSAM FIR, OR FIR TREE Abies balsamea THE Balsam Fir is a slender tree, sometimes reaching a height of eighty feet or even more; in the Arctic regions and on mountain 225 Balsam Fir 226 tops it is small often only a few feet high. The bark is smooth, warty with "balsam blisters." The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath, flat, nearly an inch long. The cones are two to four inches long, slightly more than an inch thick, standing erect from the upper side of the branches. The Balsam Fir ranges from New- foundland and Labrador to Hudson Hay and Alberta, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Iowa. It generally grows in damp woods and swamps, but is often found on mountain tops where evaporation goes on slowly. Canada balsam is the resinous pitch that exudes from the trunks, forming lumps or blisters. When refined, it is used in the arts, es- pecially in the mounting of microscope slides. Residents of the northern United States and Canada generally refer to it as "spruce gum." It has a resinous but not disagreeable flavor and was much used for chewing before the days of pleasantly flavored commercial chewing gums. In many places throughout its range, it was regu- larly bought and sold at the stores. For chewing purposes, it was generally molded into short sticks. People make a regular business of going into forests of Fir Trees, gathering the gum, and taking it to market. Robert Frost, the poet, describes one of these spruce- gum collectors: He showed me lumps of the scented stuff, Like uncut jewels, dull and rough. It comes to the market golden brown ; But turns to pink between the teeth. 1 I am told that the pitch of the White Pine, Pinus Strobus, is some- times substituted for that of the Balsam, but it is too sticky and generally has to be boiled before using. The taste is rather disagree- able. REED, OR COMMON REED GRASS Phragmites communis Phragmites Phragmites THE Common Reed Grass is found in swamps, marshes, and wet places over almost the entire United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. It is also found in Europe and Asia. The culms, 1 From "Mountain Interval" by Robert Frost. Used by special permission of the publishers, Henry Holt and Company. 227 Reed Grass or stalks, are stout, usually about an inch thick and five to twelve feet high. The leaves are about an inch wide and generally less than a foot long. The panicle is crowded and plumy, six inches to a foot long. From the large panicle and the size of the stalk, the plant is sometimes called Wild liroomcorn. It rarely produces seed, but spreads by its long horizontal rootstocks. It is claimed that the Indians ate the roots of the reed, but they were fonder of the sugar it produced. Owing to accident or to the attack of insects which puncture the stem, a pasty substance exudes which hardens into gum. This the Indians collect and compress into balls to be eaten at pleasure. Dr. F. V. Coville says the Indians of Mohave Desert collect the plants in marshes, dry the stalks, grind them, and sift out the flour. This contains so much sugar that when placed near a fire, it swells, turns brown, and is then eaten like taffy. Of course this suggests roasted marshmallows. Dr. Palmer records a former practice of the Indians, who cut the reeds after the sugar had hardened, and placed them on blankets; attcr they had enough, the sugar was shaken oil and dissolved in water, form- ing a sweet, nourishing drink. SWEET GUM, OR RED GUM, OR BILSTED Liquidambar Styracillua THE Sweet Gum, or Lkjuidambar, is a large forest tree found in damp woods on the coastal plain from Connecticut to Florida and Texas, north in the Mississippi valley to Missouri and Illinois. The gray bark is rough with corky ridges on the branches. The glossy green leaves are star-shaped, that is, with five to seven pointed lobes. In autumn, they turn various shades of red and purple. The fertile and sterile blossoms are in separate heads. The fertile ones, or those containing the pistils, are on long stems. They form a round, spinose ball nearly an inch and a half in diameter, contain- ing numerous two-beaked capsules. When the tree is injured, a pleasantly scented balsamic sap fol- lows, which, when it hardens, forms a resin or gum. This gum, copal-balsam or copalm, is sometimes used as a substitute for storax. The storax of commerce comes from two other species of Liquidam- bar growing in southeastern Asia. According to Willard N. Clute, the resinous gum that our species produces is sometimes used as chewing gum. Sweet Gum 228 Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua) SUGAR MAPLE, OR SUGAR TREE, OR ROCK MAPLE Acer saccharum THE Sugar Maple is a large forest tree with upright branches, the lateral ones often wide-spreading. The bark of old trees is dark gray or brownish, scaly, channeled, forming wide flat ridges. Young trees have bark that is brownish gray and nearly smooth. The leaves have long stalks, or petioles. The blades are dark green above, paler beneath, about as wide as long, with five or occasionally three long-pointed irregular or coarse-toothed lobes. The yellow flowers appear just as the leaves are beginning to unfold, or often a few days earlier. They are long-stalked and drooping, making the tree con- spicuous in bloom. The winged seeds, or samaras, are about an inch and a half long, and ripen in the autumn. The Sugar Maple is found in rich woods, often on hillsides, from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. The wood is very valuable for lumber, unusually so when it is of the bird's-eye and curly varieties. Many people consider the Sugar Maple to be the most valuable hardwood species in America. The 229 Sugar Maple autumn foliage is probably the most beautiful of all our trees, turn- ing to bright yellow, orange, or even scarlet, so that it is especially desirable for roadside planting. From the latter part of February to early April, depending on the latitude and season, holes are bored in maple trees into which spiles are driven. The cool clear sweet sap drips into pails or troughs and is then taken to the "sugarhouse" and boiled down into syrup or maple sugar, as the owner desires. On an average, about fifteen Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) quarts of the sap is required to make one pound of sugar. The amount varies greatly, however, the sap of some trees being much sweeter than that of others. Five or six pounds to a tree is about an average. Dr. Romeyn B. Hough made twenty-three pounds of sugar from one tree in a season without reboring, and thirty pounds from one tree has been recorded. I knew a very large tree on my father's farm that dripped eighteen gallons of sap in twenty-four hours. Clear days after frosty nights are best for sugar making. The mere mention of maple sugar or maple syrup will call forth a chain of recollections to those who have lived in the country where this tree abounds. Some of the most pleasant recollections of my boyhood are connected with the making of these sweets "tapping" the trees, gathering the sap, and boiling it down in the great pan in the sugarhouse in the woods. There was always enough weirdness Sugar Maple 230 about the whole process to excite our imaginations, especially in the evening as we sat around the foaming pan eating apples, telling stories, and occasionally drinking of the syrup which was becoming more and more sweet. Another pleasing pastime was making maple sugar taffy and "sugaring off" pouring the melted candy on snow and eating it with a fork a pastime often indulged in by older folks. It is believed that the white people learned to make sugar from the maple tree from the Indians. Probably the earliest account was written about 1700. It tells how the Indians gathered the sap in bark or skin vessels, and boiled it down in a crude way. The report says that the sugar lacks the pleasing, delicate taste of cane sugar, and almost always has a burnt flavor. Now we consider it the finest of all sweets. Along the south shore of Lake Superior in March, 1823, Henry Schoolcraft visited with the Indians while they were making sugar from the Rock Maple trees. Almost all the Indians of the neigh- borhood went to the maple forests. The sap was kept in large ox- hide vats, but the boiling was done in kettles. The Indians were so fond of the sugar that very little was preserved beyond the sugar making season. BLACK SUGAR MAPLE Acer nigrum THIS is a large forest tree, very similar to the Sugar Maple in fact, so much so that the average observer would take it for one and indeed many botanists consider it only a variety of the latter tree. Its bark is darker, and the leaves not so light beneath as those of the Sugar Maple; and the lobes are broader and shorter. The two species have much the same range, but the Black Sugar Maple does not extend so far south. It seems to be more common in the western part of its range. The sap is sweet and yields much sugar. RED MAPLE, OR SWAMP MAPLE Acer rubrum THE Red Maple is a large forest tree with light gray bark, nearly smooth or somewhat flaky in old trees. The twigs have a reddish tinge often quite red where the growth is rapid. The leaves have a heart-shaped base, three to five irregular toothed lobes which are sharp at the base. The leaves are smooth and dark green above, very 231 Red Maple pale beneath. The red or yellowish odorous blossoms in lateral clusters make this tree a pleasing feature of the landscape in early spring. The winged fruits are small rarely more than an inch long and drop early. The foliage turns crimson in autumn. The Red Maple usually grows in swamps and low ground from Nova Scotia to Manitoba south to Florida and Texas. It produces much sap, which is less sweet than that of the Sugar Maple. SILVER MAPLE, OR SOFT OR WHITE MAPLE Acer saccharinum THE Silver Maple is a large forest tree with light gray, flaky bark and wide-spreading branches. The leaves are deeply five-lobed, green above, silvery white beneath. The flowers, usually pale yel- low, appear in early spring. The winged fruits are large two inches or more long and mature early. The Silver Maple is generally found in low grounds and along streams from New Brunswick to Florida, west to South Dakota and Oklahoma. It is rather scarce in the mountains. The sap pro- duces sugar, but it is not so very sweet. BOX ELDER, OR ASH-LEAVED MAPLE Acer Negundo THE Ash-Leaved Maple is a wide-spreading forest tree found along streams, lake shores, and in lowlands from Maine to Mani- toba, south to Florida and Mexico. It is rare along the Atlantic coast but is frequently planted and often escapes. The leaves have three to five leaflets which are slightly lobed, toothed, or entire. They do not resemble those of a maple tree. The wood is soft, weak, and light. The sap produces sugar but is less sweet than that of the Sugar Maple. In Illinois and elsewhere, groves of this tree have been planted for making sugar and syrup. The tree is easily grown. The Sugarbush, Rhus ovata, which grows on dry hills, especially along the mountains in southern California, has glossy evergreen leaves and stiff panicles of flowers. The berries are red. Dr. Jepson says, "The sweetish waxen covering of the berries is used by the native tribes for sugar." Skeleton Weed 232 SKELETON WEED Lygodesmia juncea THIS is a stiff erect perennial, closely related to the Wild Lettuce. The much-branched stems grow eight to sixteen inches high. The lower leaves are an inch or two long and very narrow. The upper leaves are similar but much smaller, often reduced to narrow scales. The pink flower heads, composed of five flowers, are at the ends of the branches. The Skeleton Weed is found from Wisconsin and Minnesota to Montana, south to Missouri and New Mexico. The plants are often infested with small round galls which contain much gum. According to M. R. Gilmore, this plant was used by the Indians of the Missouri River valley for producing chewing gum. He says: "The stems were gathered and cut into pieces to cause the juice to exude. When this hardened, it was collected and used for chewing." COMPASS PLANT, OR PILOTWEED Silphium laciniatum THE Compass Plant, often called Rosinweed, is a rough, coarse perennial, six to twelve feet high. The large basal leaves are cut almost to the midrib, forming numerous narrow lobes. The alter- nate, sessile stem leaves have their edges vertical, generally pointing north and south. The yellow flower heads are three or four inches across and resemble those of a Wild Sunflower. The Compass Plant is found on prairies from Ohio to South Da- kota, south to Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The stalk is very resinous, and according to M. R. Gilmore the Indian children gather chewing gum from the upper parts of the stem, where the gum exudes, forming large lumps. MUSHROOMS EDIBLE mushrooms are so numerous, and so many popular books have recently appeared on the subject, that 1 will pass them by with mere mention. From spring until late autumn, the student of mush- rooms can usually find edible species growing in abundance unless the season is too dry. Within ten miles of New York City, the writer has collected and eaten wild mushrooms every month in the year. This cannot be done every year, however, for during very cold winters, I should not expect to find them from January to April. Several species are apt to be abundant in November and December, Mushrooms should be studied and learned like flowering plants. When a species is in doubt, it should not be eaten. I have collected^ prepared, and eaten more than sixty species of edible fungi. Thi* is only a beginning, however, for hundreds are known to be edible. Often in camping in the woods, I have made use of mushrooms, frying them with bacon or stewing them to use for soups, and find that they give splendid relief from the monotony of canned goods. The following species I have found to be excellent in quality and flavor. Meadow Mushroom Field Mushroom Red Hypholoma Shaggy-Mane Ink Cap Glistening Coprinus Parasol Mushroom Honey Mushroom Root Mushroom Velvet Collybia Elm Mushroom Oyster Mushroom Delicious Milky Mushroom Green Russula Chanterelle Fairy Ring 233 Agaricus campestris Agaric us arvensis Hypholoma perplexum Coprinus comatus Coprinus atramentarius Coprinus micaceus Lepiota procera Armillaria m el lea Collybia radicata Collybia velutipes Pleurotus ulmarius Pleurotus os treat us Lactarius deliciosus Russula vires cens Cantharellus cibariut Marasmius oreades Mushrooms 234 Pluteus Pluteus cervinus Pine Cone Mushroom Strobilomyces strobilaceus Beefsteak Mushroom Fistulina hepatica Sulphus Mushroom Polyporus sulphureus Coral Fungus Hydnum coralloides Bear's-Head Hydnum caput-ursi Giant Puffball Lycoperdon giganteum Beaker Puffball Lycoperdon cyathiforme Edible Morel Morchella esculenta All species of puffballs are good when fresh, that is when pure white within. All mushrooms should be eaten fresh. EDIBLE PLANTS of Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada, west to Mississippi River Wild Fruits SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Amelanchier Bar- tramiana ( Ob- 1 ong -Fruited Juneberry) Shrub 3-8 ft. high, fr. dark purple Xi in. in diam. N.Y. and n. July and Aug. 39 Amelanchier cana- densis (Juneber- ry) Small tree, smooth bark, fr. dark red l /4~ l /3 in. in diam. N.S. to Ont. s. to Fla. and La. June to Aug. 37 Amelanchier inter- media ( Sugar Pear) Shrub or small tree, fr. dark purple with bloom J/j in. in diam. Eastern U.S. July and Aug. 39 Asimina triloba (Papaw) Small tree, Ivs. large, entire fr. 4 in. long, i l /2 in. thick, yellowish N.J. to Mich, and Nebr. s. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. and Oct. 9 green Berberis vulgaris (European Bar- berry) Shrub 8 ft. high, fls. yellow, fr. oblong, scarlet, l / 2 in. long Eastern and middle states Summer to autumn ii Celtis crassifolia (Rough - Leaved Hackberry) Tree, Ivs. downy, elmlike, fr. purplish black */5 in. in diam., i-seeded Eastern U.S. w. to Plains Autumn and winter S Celtisoccidentalis (Hackberry) Tree, Ivs. smooth, elmlike, fr. dark brown l /$ in. in Eastern U.S. w. to plains Autumn and winter 3 diam., i-seeded Chiogenes hispidula (Creeping Snow- berry) Creeping evergreen shrub, Ivs. small, berries white l /2 in. long Lab. to B.C., s. to N.C., Mich, and Minn. Aug. and Sept. 76 235 Index 236 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Crataegus sp. (Red Haws) Diospyros virgini- ana (Persimmon) CHARACTERISTICS Shrubs or small trees with thorns, fr. red l /2\ Yb in ' Tree, bark dark, rough, fr. orange 1-1^2 in. in diam. Fragaria vesca (Wood Straw- berry) Fragaria virgini- ana (Wild Straw- berry) Gaultheria procum- bens (Winter- green) Oaylussacia bacca- ta (Black Huck- leberry) Gaylussacia fron- dosa (Dangle- berry) Stemless herb, leaf- lets 3, berry red, seeds on surface Stemless, 3 leaflets, berry scarlet, seeds in pits Evergreen shrub, 4 in. high, berries red Y& in. in diam. Shrub, 2 ft. high, twigs brown, fr. black X$ in. in diam. Shrub, 2 ft. high, twigs brown, fr. blue with bloom 1 A in. Mitchella repens Creeping, evergreen (Partridgeberry) herb, fr. red, l /$ in. in diam. Morns alba (White Mulberry) Morns nigra (Black Mulberry) Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum) Tree, Ivs. smooth and shining, fr. white Tree, Ivs. rough, fr. fleshy, black Tree, Ivs. large, lobed, fr. i-ifXz in. long, purple-black Tree, rough bark, Ivs. entire, fr. 54 in. long, black, i-seeded IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Eastern U.S. Aug. 40 to Oct. Conn, to la. Oct. 77 and Kans. s. to to Fla. and Jan. Tex. N.B. to N.J. June 21 w. to Ore. and July N.B. to Sask. June 2O s. to Fla. and and Tex. July Nfld. to Man. Through- 67 s. to Ga. and out year Mich. Nfld. to Ga. July 68 w. to Minn. and and Ky. Aug. N.H. s. and July 69 w. to Fla. to and Ohio Sept. N . S . to Through- 81 Minn., s. to out year Fla. and Tex. Eastern states June 8 w. to plains to Aug. Easternstates June 9 w. to plains to Aug. West N.E. to July 6 Dak. s. to and Gulf. Aug. Me. to Mich. s. to Fla. and Tex. Autumn 89 237 Index SCIENTIFIC AMD COMMON NAMES Opuntia Rafmesquii (Western Prickly Pear) Opuntia vulgaris (Eastern Prickly Pear) Passiflora lutea (Yellow Passion Flower) Physalis ixocarpa (Tomatillo) Physalis pubescens (Ground Cher- ry) Podophyllum pelta- tum (May Ap- ple) Prunus alleghani- (Porter's Plum) Prunus americana (Wild Plum) Prunus A vium (Sweet Cherry) Prunus Cerasus (Sour Cherry) CHARACTERISTICS Cactus, spreading, jointed, flat, prickly, fr. 1-2 in. long, red Cactus, spreading, flat, jointed, prickly, fr. 1-2 in. long, red Vine, tendril climb- ing, fls. yellow, fr. l /2 in. in diam., pur- pie Branching annual, fr. purple, in a husk (calyx) Branching annual, fr. in husk, yellow, l /2 in. in diam. Plant 15 in. high, 2 Ivs., fr. pulpy, yel- low, ovoid, 2 in. long Shrub or small tree, f r. dark purple with bloom l /2 in. in diam. Small tree, slightly thorny, fr. i in. in diam., red or yellow Large tree, fr. in umbels, black or dark red, sweet Tree, fr. in umbels, round, red or dark brown, sour RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Prunus hortulana Small tree, spread- (Wild Goose ing, f r. bright red Plum) Prunus maritima (Beach Plum) Shrub 4 ft. high, fr. round, $4-i in. across, purple Mich, and Summer 63 Minn., s. to and Tex. autumn Mass, to Fla. Summer and Ala. and near coast autumn Pa. to 111. and Aug. Kans., s. to to Fla. and Oct. Tex. N.Y. to Tex. and Calif. N.Y. and Pa. s. and w. Conn, to Pa. Aug. to Oct. Aug. to Oct. Que. to Fla. July w. to plains and Aug. Aug. to Oct. Conn, to Aug. Mont. s. to to Fla., Tex. Oct. and N.M. Eastern U.S. July Eastern U.S. July W.Va. to July Kans. s. to and Miss, and Aug. Tex. N.B. to Va. Aug. near coast and Sept. 61 60 80 79 43 44 Index 238 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Prunus nigra (Can- ada Plum) CHARACTERISTICS Small tree, fr. oval i in. long, orange- red Prunus pennsylva- Small slender tree, nica (Pin Cher- fr. in umbels, round, ry) red, J4 in - m diam. Prunus pumila (Sand Cherry) Prunus serotina (Black Wild Cherry) Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry) Pyrus angustifolia (Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple) Shrub 1-4 ft. high, f r. in umbels, nearly black, : /3 in. in diam. Large tree, fr. in racemes, black, l /z in. in diam. Shrub or small tree, fr. in racemes, red or brown, l /j in. in diam. Small tree, Ivs. ob- long, toothed, fr. i in. in diam. Pyrus communis Tree slightly (Choke Pear) thorny, escaped from cult., fr. small Pyrus coronaria Small tree some- ( American Crab what prickly, fr. i Apple) in. in diam. or more Pyrua Malus (Ap- ple) Cultivated apple, escaped, fr. vari- able Ribes Cynosbati Shrub spiny, ber- (Wild Goose- ries prickly l / in. berry) in diam. Ribes floridum Spreading shrub, no (Wild Black Cur- prickles, berries rant) black U in. in diam. Ribes Gross u la- Shrub, spines stout, ria (European berry Vi in. in Gooseberry) diam. IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Nfld. to Alta. July 42 s.to N.E. and to Wis. Sept. Lab. to B.C. July 50 s. to Pa ., to Tenn. and Sept. Colo. N.B. to N.J. July 51 and Great to Lakes Sept. N.S. to Dak., Aug. 48 s. to Fla. and and Tex. Sept. Arctic Circle July 49 to Gulf of to Mex. ocean Sept. to ocean N.J. to 111. Sept. 3* and Ivans., s. to to Fla. and Dec. La. Me. to N.Y., July 3* N.J. and Pa. to Sept. N.J. to Ont. Sept. 33 and Minn., s. to to S.C. and Dec. Mo. Southern Sept. 35 Can. and to eastern U.S. Nov. Me. to N.C. July i? w. to plains to Sept. N.B. to Man. July 16 and south to Sept. Escaped in July 20 N.Y. and to N.J. Sept. 239 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Ribes oxyacanthoi- des (Smooth Gooseberry) Ribes prostratum (Fetid Currant) Ribes rotund ifolium (Eastern Wild Gooseberry) Ribes triste (Amer- ican Red Cur- rant) Ribes vulgare (Red Garden Currant) Rosa rubiginosa (Sweetbrier) Rubus alleghenien- sis (Mountain Blackberry) Rubus Chamaemo- rus (Baked-Ap- ple Berry) Rubus neglectus ( Pu rple Rasp- berry) Rubus occidentalis (Black Rasp- berry) Rubus odoratus (Purple -Flower- ing Raspberry) Rubus procumbens (Dewberry) Rubus strigosus (Wild Red Rasp- berry) CHARACTERISTICS Shrub, spines few, berry smooth, pur- plish Shrub, low, spread- ing, fr. red J4 in- in diam. Shrub, spines short or none, fr. }4 in. in diarn., purplish Shrub, spreading, fr. red \\ in. or less in diam. Shrub suberect, fr. red or yellow, es- caped from cult. A wild rose with stout spines, fls. pink, fr. red J/2 in. in diam. Shrubby, prickles stout, fr. long, drupelets many Herblike, 8 in. high, fr. yellowish Shrub prickly, fr. purplish-red Shrub prickly, glau- cous, fr. purple- black Shrubby, unarmed, fls. purple, fr. red, depressed Shrubby, trailing, fr. black, large, few drupelets Shrubby, upright prickles, weak or bristly, fr. red IN RANGE SE\SON PAGE Nfld. to Man. July 19 s. to Pa. and and N.P. Aug. Northern July IS U.S. and and Can. Aug. N,Y. in mts. July 20 to N . C . and Aug. Northern June 15 U.S. and to Can. Aug. Eastern U.S. June 14 also Ore. and to Wash. Aug. N.S. to Out., Aug. 89 s. to Va., to Tenn. and Oct. Kan*. N.S. to Ont., July 28 s. to N.C. and and 111. Aug. Me. and July 27 N.H. n. and and w. to Arctic Aug. N.E. to Pa., July 26 w. to Ont. and and Ohio Aug. Que. to Ont. June 25 s. to Ga. and to Mo. Sept. N.S. to Ga., July 23 w. to Mich. and and Tenn. Aug. Me. to Ont., July 30 s. to Va., La., and and Okla. Aug. Nfld. and July 24 Lab. to N.C., and w. to B.C., a. Aug. in mts. to N.M. Index 240 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Rubus triflorus Usually trailing, (Dwarf Rasp- unarmed, fr. red- berry) purple Rubus v i 1 1 o s u s (Tall Black- berry) Sambucus canaden- sis (Elderberry) Smilacina racemosa (False Solo- mon's-Seal) Smilax herbacea (Carrion Flow- er) Taxus canadensis (American Yew) Vaccinium corym- bosum ( Hi gh- Bush Blueberry) Vaccinium macro- carpon (Ameri- can Cranberry) Vaccinium Oxycoc- cos (Small Cran- berry) Vaccinium pennsyl- vanicum (Low Blueberry) Vaccinium stamine- um (Deerberry) Vaccinium vacillans (Blue Huckle- berry) Tall, erect or curved, fr. black, large, and juicy Stems woody 6 ft. high, berries in flat clusters, dark pur- pie Plant 2 ft. high, rootstock stout, fr. red, terminal clus- ter Stems herbaceous, unarmed, climbing, fr. black, globular clusters Shrub, low, spread- ing, evet green, fr. red, pulpy, top un- covered Shrub, 3-10 ft. high; fr. blue-black with bloom Stem slender, creep- ing, evergreen, fr. red K> >n. in diam. Stem evergreen, creeping, fr. red Xi in. in diam. Shrub i ft. high, steins green and warty, fr. blue- black with bloom Shrub 1-3 ft. high, fr. green l /$ in. in diam. Shrub i2 ft. high, stems greenish, fr. blue with bloom Lab to Alas., July 27 s. to N.J., and Ohio, and Aug. Nebr. N.E. to July 29 Mich., s. to and Fla. and Ark. Aug. N.S. to Man., Aug. 82 s. to Ma. and to Tex. Oct. N.S. to B.C., Aug. 88 s. to Ga., to Mo., and Oct. Ariz. N.B. to Man., Aug. 88 s. to Fla. and to Ok la. Nov. Nfld. to Va. Through- i w. to Man. out year and la. Me. to Minn. July 71 s. to Va. and to La. Sept. Nfld. to Ont. Aug. 74 s. tn Va. and to Ark. winter Nfld. to Man. Aug. 76 s. to V a. and to Mich. winter Nfld. to Sask. June 72 s. to Va. and to 111. Aug. Mass, to July 71 Minn. s. to to Fla. and La. Sept. N.E. to July 73 Mich., s. to and N.C. and Mo. Aug. 241 Index SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Vaccinium Vitis- Low shrub, 4-8 in., Mass, and July 70 Idaea (Cowber- creeping, fr. red l / N.Y. n. to to ry) in. in diam. Arctic Am. Sept. Viburnum alnifoli- All viburnums have N.B. to Ont. Aug. 84 u m (Hobble- opposite leaves and s. to Pa. and to bush) clustered, i-seeded Tenn. Oct. f ruits ; shrub, branches spread- ing, Ivs. large, fr. clustered, purple Viburnum c a s s i - Shrub 5-10 ft. high, N.J. to Man. Aug. 86 noides (Withe- clustered fr. blue- s. to Ga. and to Rod) black Ala. Oct. Viburnum Lentago Shrub or small Que. to Hud- Aug. 85 (Nannyberry) tree, fr. blue-black son Bay, s. to to N.J., Ind. Oct. and Kans. Viburnum nudum Shrub 5-15 ft. high, Conn, to Ky. Aug. 86 (Larger Withe- fr. blue-black with s. to Fla. and to Rod) bloom Tex. Oct. Viburnum Opulus Shrub 8 ft. high, Nfld. to B.C., Sept. 84 (Cranberry Tree) fr. bright red, clus- s. to N.J., la. to tered and Ore. Nov. Viburnum pauciflo- Spreading shrub 3- Nfld. to B.C., Aug. 85 rum (Pimbina) 5 ft. high; fr. light s.toN.J., la. to red and Ore. Oct. Viburnum prunifo- Shrub or small tree, Conn., Mich. Sept. 86 lium ( Black fr. blue-black with and Kans., s. to Haw) bloom to Ga. and Dec. Tex. Vitis aestivalis Woody vine, fr. in N.H. to Fla. Aug. 55 (Summer Grape) dense clusters, blue- w. to Kans. to black 1/3 in. in and Tex. Oct. diam., Ivs. rusty be- neath Vitis bicolor (Blue Grape) Vitis cordifolia (Chicken Grape) Similar, Ivs. whit- ish beneath, fr. l /$ in. in diam. Vine, high-climb- ing, Ivs. green be- neath, fr. black Y* in. in diam. N.H. to N.C. Sept. 56 w. to 111. and to Tenn. Nov. Pa. to Nebr. Sept. 56 s. to Fla. and to Tex. Dec. Index 242 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE Vitis vulpina (Riv- erside Grape) Vine, often trailing, Ivs. green be- neath, fr. l /s in. in diam., blue-black N.B. to N.D. s. to Md. and Kans. IN SEASON PAGE Vitis labrusca Vine, Ivs. woolly N.E. to Aug. (Northern Fox beneath, fr. large, Minn., s. to to Grape) brownish purple G a . and Nov. Tenn. Aug. to Nov. 53 56 Carya alba (Mock- ernut) Edible Nuts Large tree, rough Mass., s. Ont. bark, 7-9 leaflets, to Nebr., s. to nuts with thick husk Fla. and and thick shell Tex. Sept. to Nov. Carya glabra (Pig- nut) Large tree, rough bark, leaflets 5-7, husk thin, shell thick Me. to s. Ont. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. to Dec. 103 Carya illinoensis (Pecan) Large tree, rough bark, leaflets 11-15, nut smooth oblong, husk thin S. Ind., la., and Kans. to Ala. and Tex. Aug. to Nov. 98 Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark) Large tree, bark shaggy, leaflets 7-9, nuts large, thick husk, thick shell N.Y. and Pa. w. to la. and Kans., s. to Tenn. and Okla. Sept. to Nov. 101 Carya microcarpa (Small - Fruited Hickory) Tree, bark close, nut smal 1, thin husk, thin shell Mass, to Mich. s. to Va. and Mo. Sept. and Oct. 104 Carya ovata (Shag- bark) Large tree, bark shaggy, leaflets 5, nut, thin shell with thick husk N.E., s. Can. and Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. to Nov. 99 Castanea dentata Large tree, gray Me. to Mich., Sept (American Chest- bark, prickly bur, s. to Ga. and to nut) brown seeds Ark. Nov. 108 243 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Castanea pumila (Chinquapin) Corylus americana (Hazelnut) Corylus rostrata (Beaked Hazel- nut) Fag us grandi- folia (American Beech) Juglans cinerea (Butternut) Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Quercus alba (White Oak) Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) Quercus Muhlen- bergii (Yellow Oak) Quercus prinoides (Scrub Chestnut Oak) CHARACTERISTICS Small tree or shrub, small bur, i-seeded Shrub 5 ft. tail, brown nut in leaf- like husk Shrub 3-6 ft. high, nut in tubular husk Large tree, smooth bark, bur, soft prickles, 2-seeded Forest tree, gray bark, nut rough, 2 in. long, 2-celled Large tree, dark rough bark, 4- celled nut in round husk Large tree, gray bark, acorn oblong, cup shallow Large tree, flaky bark, acorn on long stem, cup l /3 of acorn Tree, bark gray, flaky, Ivs. like Am. Chestnut Shrub or small tree, Ivs. whitish be- neath, chestnutlike, acorn sessile RANGE Index IN SEASON PAGE S. N.J., Pa. Sept. to Ind. and to Mo., s. to Nov. Fla. and Tex. Me. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Kans. N.S. to B.C., s . to G a . , Tenn., Kans. and Ore. N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.B. to Del., mts. to Ga., w. to Dak., Kans. and Ark. Mass, to Minn, and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Que. to Ga., w. to. Minn. and Ark. Vt. to Minn., s. to Ala. and Tex. Me. to Minn., s. to Ala. and Tex. Aug. to Oct. Aug. to Oct. Aug. to Nov. Sept. to Dec. Sept. to Dec. Sept. to Dec. Sept. to Dec. Sept. to Nov. Sept. to Nov. 105 106 107 94 112 112 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE 244 IN SEASON PAGE Quercus prinus Large tree, Ivs. Me. to s. Sept. (Rock Chestnut chestnutlike, cup Ont., s. to to Oak) thin, acorn large Ala. and Dec. Tenn. Edible Seeds and Seed Pods Amaranthus blitoi- des (Prostrate Amaranth) Amaranthus hy- bridus (Red Amaranth) Brassica alba (White Mustard) Brassica nigra (Black Mus- tard) Ann. weed, spread- ing on ground, seeds small, black Ann. weed, 4 ft. high, root red, seeds small, black, shin- ing Me. to N.J., w. to Pacific Over most of U.S. Plant erect, 1-2 ft. Sometimes high, fls. yellow, escaped from pod with long beak cult. Ann. plant 2-5 ft. high, fls. yellow, pods l /z in. long, seeds dark brown Gleditsia triacan- Large tree with thos (Honey Lo- branching thorns, cust) pod brown, flat, i ft. long, twisted Lupinus perennis (Wild Lupine) Medicago lupulina (Black Medic) Nelumbo lutea (American Lo- tus) Phaseolus polysta- chyus (Wild Bean) Erect peren., pea- like fls., blue in spikes, pods i 1 ^ in. long Cloverlike, spread- ing, fls. yellow, pod twisted Large water plant, fls. large, pale yel- low, seeds acornlike Peren. vine, leaf- lets 3, fls. purple, pods drooping, 2 in. long U.S. and Can. N.Y. to Fla., w. to Mich., Kans. and Tex. Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Over most of U.S. Mass, to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tenn., rare Conn, to Neb. s. to Fla. and Tex. July to Oct. July to Oct. July to Oct. July to Nov. Sept. to Nov. July to Sept. June to Oct. Sept. to Dec. July to Oct. 129 129 118 116 121 129 129 122 245 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Robinia Pseudo- Acacia (Locust Tree) Sisymbrium offi- cinale (Hedge Mustard) Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice) CHARACTERISTICS Large tree, rough bark, fragrant, white fls., pods flat, 3 in. long Ann., fls. small, yellow, pods ]/ 2 in. long Tall grass in swamps, grain dark, l / 2 -i in. long RANGE Widely dis- tributed Index IN SEASON PAGE Pa. to Ga., Sept. w. to la. and to Mo. widely Mar. planted July to Nov. N.B. to Man., Aug. s. to Fla. and to Tex. Dec. 120 118 113 Salad Plants and Potherbs Amaranthus hy- Ann., 4 ft. high, Can. to May 129 bridus (Slender roots red, seeds tropics to Pigweed) black Sept. Amaranthus retro- flexus (Green Pigweed) Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimper- nel) Arctium Lappa (Great Burdock) black Ann., stout, 3-6 ft. high, roots red, seeds black Ann., spreading, branches 10 in. long, fls. scarlet Bien., Ivs. large, purple fls. forming burs Arctium minus Similar, but fls. and (Common Bur- burs smaller dock) Asclepias syriaca (Common Milk- weed) Asparagus offici- nalis (Aspara- gus) Azalea nudiflora (Rhododendron Azalea) Peren., Ivs. oppo- site, fls. pale purple Cult, asparagus es- caped Shrub, fls. pink, at- tractive, "galls" ir- reg. U.S. gener- ally Nfld. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex. Northeast U.S. Over much of U.S. N.B. to Sask., s. to Va. and Kans. Escaped from cult, in East Me. to Fla., w . to Mo. and Tex May to Sept. May to Aug. June to Aug. June to Aug. May to July Apr. to June May and June 166 166 166 55 162 154 Index 246 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo) Barbarea verna (Winter Cress) Barbarea vulgaris (Winter Cress) Caltha palustris ( Marsh Mari- gold) Capsella Bursa- pastoris (Shep- herd's-Purse) Card a mine pennsyl- vanica (Penna. Bitter Cress) Cardamine praten- sis (Cuckoo Flower) Cardamine rotundi- folia (Round- Leaved Cress) Cetraria Islandica (Iceland Moss) Chenopodium al- bum (Lamb's Quarter) Chenopodium Bo- nus-Henricus ( Good-King- Henry) Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss) CHARACTERISTICS Herbaceous, erect, branching, fls. yel- low Herbaceous, erect, Ivs. 10-16 lobed, fls. yellow, pods erect angled Tufted, erect, 1-2 ft. high, Ivs. smooth, fls. yellow Fleshy plant, in swamps, stems hol- low, fls. yellow Ann., fls. white, mustard flavor, i ft. high, Ivs. mostly basal Ann., i ft. tall, Ivs. deep-cut, fls. white; on wet grounds Peren., in wet grounds, i ft. tall, Ivs. pinnate, fls. white or pink Peren., weak, i ft. high, Ivs. roundish, fls. white Lichen, on ground or rocks, leaflike, grayish brown Weed, ann., 2-6 ft. high, branched, fls. small, greenish Weed, perennial, i- 2 ft. tall, Ivs. trian- gular Seaweed, flat forked stems, 2-12 in. long IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Me. to Minn., June 165 s. to Fla. and and la. July Mass, to Mar. 150 N.Y., s. to to Fla. June Lab. to Va., Mar. 151 w. to Coast to June Nfld. to N.C., Apr. 146 w. to Sask. and and Nebr. May World-wide Apr. 164 to June Nfld. to May 152 Mont., s. to to Fla., Tenn., Aug. and Kans. Lab. s. to May 152 N.J. and to Minn. July N.Y. to Ohio, May 152 s. to N.C. to and Tenn. July Pa. and N.J., Most 132 n. to Arctic of year Over N.A. May 140 and Europe to Sept. N.S. to Om., May 141 s. to Md. and to Ohio Sept. East coast of Most 132 U.S. and of the Can. year 247 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS Cichorium Intybus Peren. 1-3 ft. tall, (Chicory) Ivs. basal, fls. blue Cladonia rangife- rina (Reindeer Moss) Epilobium angusti- folium (Fire- weed) Hydrophyllum ap- pendicula turn (Waterleaf) Hydrophyllum vir- ginianum (Wa- terleaf) Impatiens biflora (Spotted Touch- Me-Not) Lactuca canadensis (Wild Lettuce) Lactuca scariola (Prickly Lettuce) Laportea canaden- sis (Wood Net- tle) On ground in woods, greenish gray, finely divided Peren. herb, 2-5 ft. tall, Ivs. entire, fls. purple Bien., weak, 15 in. high, fls. purple Peren., weak, 10-20 in. long, fls. white or purple Ann., succulent, Ivs. oval, pale beneath, fls. orange, spotted Herbaceous, 4-8 ft. tall, stem hollow, leafy, fls. yellow Weed, 2-5 ft. tall, weak prickles on stem and Ivs. Herb with stinging hairs, 1-2 ft. tall, in woods Lepidium virgini- Erect herb, i ft. cum (Pepper- high, Ivs. peppery, grass) fls. white Malva rotundifolia Bien., spreading, (Mallow) Ivs. round, fls. white Malva sylvestris Bien., stem erect, (High Mallow) 2-3 ft. high, es- caped IN RANGE SEASON PAGE N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Kans. Apr. to June 158 North U.S. Most 162 and Can. of year Can. s. to Va., Kans. Apr. to 166 and Calif. July N.Y. to N.C., w. to Minn. May and 166 and Kans. June Que. to S.D., s. to N.C. and May and 166 Kans. June N.S. to Wash, and May to 167 Ore., s. to Fla. and July Kans. N.S. to B.C., s. to Ga., La., and N.M. May to July 161 Coast to May 161 coast to July N.B. to Minn., s. to May to 138 Gulf and Kans. July Eastern U.S. May and 164 June Coast to June 165 coast to Sept. N.E. gardens and road- Summer 165 sides Index 248 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Malva verticillata (Curled Mallow) Ann., erect, 2-5 ft. high, escaped N.S. to Minn., s. to Pa. Summer 165 Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern) Fern, 15 in. tall, lobes few, in wet grounds Nfld. to Sask., s. to Gulf of Mex- ico May and June 136 Onoclea Struthiop- teris (Ostrich Fern) Fronds 3-6 ft. high, in a crown Nfld. to N.J., n . w . to Man. May to Sept. 167 Oxalis Acetosella (White Wood Sorrel) Herb, 2-6 in. high, fls. white, veins purple N.S. to Sask., s. to N .E. and N.Y. May to Aug. 165 Oxalis violacea (Violet Wood Sorrel) Herb, 4-10 in. high, fls. violet, leaflets 3 Mass, to Minn., s. to Fl a. and Tex. May to Aug. 165 Oxyria digyna (Mountain Sor- rel) Low, herbaceous, Ivs. entire, nearly round Arctic re- gions to N.E. and western mts. May to Aug. 140 Phytolacca decan- dra (Pokeweed) Weed, 4-8 ft. tall, stout, Ivs. large, fr. purple in racemes Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. April to June 142 Plantago major (Common Plan- tain) Weed, Ivs. entire, basal, fls. in spike Coast to coast May to July 166 Polygonatum biflo- rum (True Solo- mon's-Seal) Peren., 2 ft. high, Ivs. whitish be- neath, fls. lilylike, fr. berry N.B. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Fla. and Tenn. May and June 162 Polygon urn Pcrsi- caria (Lady's Thumb) Ann., 10-20 in. high, fls. pink in ra- cemes Throughout U.S. May to July 163 Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) Ann. weed, pros- trate, fleshy, in cult, grounds Nearly throughout U.S. May to Aug. 144 Pteris aquilina (Bracken) Coarse fern, 2-5 ft. tall, wide-spread- ing Throughout U.S. May and June 135 249 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS Radicula Armora- Root, Ivs. large, cia (Horse-Rad- smooth, peppery, ish) fls. white Radicula nastur- tium-aquaticum (Water Cress) Radicula palustris (Marsh Cress) Rhexia virginica (Meadow Beau- ty) Rumex crispua (Curled Dock) Rumex obtusifolius (Bitter Dock) Peren., in brooks and ditches, Ivs. peppery, fls. white Plants erect, 12-20 in. tall, Ivs. deep- cut, fls. yellow Peren., stem square, 15 in. tall, fls. pur- pie Peren., erect, 2-3 ft. tall, Ivs. large, wavy Similar, Ivs. broad- er, not wavy Rumex Patientia Peren., 2-5 ft. tall, (Spinach Dock) Ivs. long, fls. in dense whorls Salicornia ambigua Stems jointed, (Glasswort) woody base, 4-10 in. long, on sea- coast Salicornia europa- Annual, jointed, 5- ea (Saltwort) 15 in. high, salt marshes Sanguisorba minor Peren. herb, 15 in. (Salad Burnet) tall, fls. greenish in head Saxifraga micran- Lvs. basal, large thidifolia (Let- and long, along tuce Saxifrage) mtn. brooks Scripus validus (Great Bulrush) Upright, 3-8 ft. tall, in ponds and swamps RANGE Eastern states N.S. to Ga., w. to Ida. and Calif. Over much of N.A. Me. to Fla., w . to la., Mo. and La. Throughout U.S. Eastern U.S. Eastern U.S., w. to Kans. Atlantic and Pacific coasts Salt marshes, East and West Me. to Md. and w. N.Y. Pa. to Ga. in mts. Nearly through- out N.A. IN SEASON PAGE April 149 to June; root any season May to Oct. Apr. to July May to July April to June April to June April to June 148 149 165 139 '39 139 Most of 164 the year 163 Winter and spring on w. coast Spring 164 and early summer May to July May and June 'S3 i6a Index 250 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Sonchus oleraceus (Sow Thistle) Stellaria media (Chickweed) Symplocarpus foeti- dus (Skunk Cab- bage) Taraxacum offici- nale (Dandelion) Thlaspi arvense (Penny Cress) Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Trillium grandi- florum (Wake Robin) Ulmus fulva (Slip- pery Elm) Umbilicaria Dillenii (Rock Tripe) Umbilicaria Muh- lenbergii (Rock Tripe) Umbilicaria pustu- lata (Rock Tripe) Umbilicaria vellea (Rock Tripe) Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle) CHARACTERISTICS Ann., leafy, soft spiny, 2-5 ft. tall, fls. yellow Ann., tufted weak, Ivs. opposite, fls. white Lvs. large in crown, spathe purple, mot- tled Stemless herb with basal tufted leaves Erect herb, 12-15 in. tali, mustard flavor, pod flat Common field crop, Ivs. three, flower heads purple Leaves 3, sepals 3, petals 3, white Tree, rough bark, Ivs. rough, inner bark slippery Lichen, on rocks, leaf like, smooth, black beneath Lichen, large leath- ery, pitted, greenish brown Lichen, leaflike, grayish brown, warty Lichen, smooth, leathery, dark brown beneath Peren., 2-4 ft. high, stem with stinging hairs IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Nearly May 166 through- to out U.S. July Throughout Mar. 146 U.S. to June N.S. to Minn., Apr. 137 s. to N.C. and to la. June Nearly Mar. 159 through- to out U.S. June Que. to Apr. 164 Minn., s. to to N.J. an d June Kans. Nearly Spring 165 through- out U.S. Que. to April 163 Minn., s. to and N.C. and Mo. May Que. to Spring 163 N.D., s. to easier to Fla. and Tex. collect Appalachian Through- Mts. out 133 year Eastern mts. Through- n. to Arctic out 134 year Arctic re- Through- gions to N.C. out 133 and Tenn. year Eastern U.S. Through- n. to Arctic out 134 Ocean year Nfld. to May 138 Minn., s. to and N.C. and Mo. June 251 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Urtica gracilis (Slender Nettle) Similar but more slender, fewer hairs N f 1 d . to Minn., s. to N.C. and Mo., also west coast May and June 138 Uvularia perfoliata (Bellwort) Heraceous, forked, i ft. high, Ivs. per- foliate Que. to Ont., s. to Fla. and Miss. April and May 162 Valerianella Locus- ta (Corn Salad) Ann., forked, 10 in. high, fls. bluish Me. to Ont., s. to Va. and Ark. May to July 157 Valerianella radi- ata (Beaked Corn Salad) Similar, fls. white Mass, to Minn. s. to Fla. and Tex. May to July 158 Veronica americana (American Brooklime) Herbaceous, 1-3 ft. tall, Ivs. clasping, fls. blue, in brooks Que. to Alas- ka, s. to Pa., Nebr., N.W. and Calif. Summer 166 Viola palmata (Early Blue Vio- let) Stemless, Ivs. 5-9 lobed, fls. violet Mass, to Minn., s. to Ga. April and May 165 Edible Roots and Tubers Acorus Calamus (Calamus Root) Plant 2 ft. high, Ivs. sword-shaped, root pungent N . S . to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Any season of year 173 Allium canadense (Meadow Gar- lie) Onionlike, i ft. high, umbel bulb- bearing N.B. to Fla., w. to Minn., Tex. and Colo. April to July 176 Allium cernuum (Nodding Wild Onion) Onionlike, scape angular, 1-2 ft. high, fls. pink N.Y. to S.C., w. to S.D. and Calif. April to July 75 Allium vineale (Field Garlic) Slender, 1-2 ft. high, Ivs. hollow Conn, to Va., w. to Ohio and Mo. April to July 176 Index 252 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Amphicarpa mono- ica (Hog Pea- nut) Anemonella thalic- troides (Rue Anemone) Apios tuberosa (Groundnut) CHARACTERISTICS Slender vine, 3 leaflets, pods pea- like, i in. long Slender, 4-8 in. high, leaflets round- ish, roots tuberous Vine, beanlike, roots tuberous, fls. pur- pie Arisaema triphyl- Lvs. 2, leaflets 3, lum (Jack-in-the- fls. in spathe, corm Pulpit) pungent As a rum canadense Siemless herb, 2 (Wild Ginger) Ivs., i purple fl., root pungent Cakile edentula Root large, stalk (Am. Sea Rock- fleshy, fls. purple, et) on seacoast Call a palustris Bog herb, pungent (Wild Calla) rootstock, spathe white, round Ivs. Camassia esculenta (Wild Hyacinth) Coated bulb, linear Ivs., fls. blue on scape, i ft. high Claytonia carolini- Foot tuberous, 2 ana (Spring ovate Ivs., fls. pink, Beauty) 6 in. high Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty) Root tuberous, 2 linear Ivs., fls. pink, 6 in. high Cyperus esculentus Sedge, 1-2 ft. high, (Chufa) roots with tubers IN RANGE SEASON PAGE N.B. to Fla., w. to Man., Nebr. and La. Late summer and I8 9 autumn N . H . to Minn., s. to Fla., Tenn. and Kans. April to June I 9 8 N.B. to Fla., w. to Minn., Rans. and Tex. April to Sept. 187 N.S. to Fla., w. to Minn., Kans. and La. May to July 172 N.B, to N.C., w. to Man. and Kans. April to Sept. 181 S e a s h ore, Nfld. to Fla. and Calif. Spring 198 coast N.S. to Minn., s. to N.J., Ohio, and la. Spring 196 W. Pa. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Tex. Spring 178 N.S. to Sask., 9. to N.C., Va., and Ohio April to June 198 N.S. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Tex. April to June 198 N.B. to Minn, and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Aug. to Nov. "' 253 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Dentaria diphylla (Two-Leaved Tooth wort) Rootstocks long, fleshy, pungent, a Ivs., fls. white N.S. to N.C., w. to Minn, and Ky. April and May 184 Dentaria laciniata (Toothvvort) Root, deep, tuber- cled, 3 Ivs., fls. white or pink Que. to Fla., w. to Minn, and La. April and May 183 Erythronium amer- icanurn (Yellow Adder's-Tongue) Bulb solid, 2 spotted Ivs., i fl. yellow, lilylike N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Ark. April and May 197 Helianthus laetiflo- rus (Showy Sun- flower) Roots with tubers, plants 3-7 ft. high Pa. to Minn. Aug. and Sept. 195 Helianthus tubero- sus (Jerusalem Artichoke) Plant 6-8 ft. high, tubers 2-3 in. long Ont. to Ga., w. to Man. and Kans. Aug. to Oct. 194 Ipomoea pandurata (Wild Potato) A wild morning- glory, root large, fls. white, purple eye Conn, to Mich, and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. May to Sept. 193 Lilium canadense (Canada Lily) Bulb onionlike, stalk 2-5 ft. high, fls. 2-15 N.S. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Mo. May to Aug. 197 Lilium superbum (Turk's - Cap Lily) Bulb onionlike, stalk 3-7 ft. high, 5-40 fls. N.B.toMinn., s. to N.C. and Mo. May to Aug. 197 Medeola virginiana (Indian Cucum- ber) Upright, 10-20 in. high, Ivs. whorled, tuber oblong, white N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tenn. May to Aug. 1 80 Oenothera biennis (Evening Prim- rose) Bien., stout 2-5 ft. high, roots fleshy, long, fls. yellow Lab. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. April to June 199 Orinthogalum um- bellaturn (Star- of-Bethlehem) Small onionlike bulb, Ivs. grasslike, fls. lilylike N.H. to Pa. and Va. April to June 197 Orobanche ludovi- ciana (Broom- rape) Root parasite, fleshy base, stalk pur- plish, 6 in. high III. to S.D., a. and w. to Tex. and Summer 200 Calif. Index 254 SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Orontium aquati- cum (Golden Club) Herbaceous, in ponds, root large, Ivs. floating Mass, to Pa., s. to Fla. and La. Spring 197 Osmorhiza longi- stylis (Sweet Myrrh) Root aromatic, 2 ft. high, fls. in umbels N.S. to Sask., s . to Ala. and Kans. May 199 to Aug. Peltandra virginica (Arrov\ Arum) Stemless herbs in shallow water, root bulbous Me. to Ont., s. to Fla. and La. Spring 196 Potent! 1 la Anserina (Silverweed) Root fleshy, plant trailing, 1-3 ft. high, fls. yellow Greenland to N.J., w. to Alas, and Calif. Spring 199 and summer Sagittaria latifolia (Arrowhead) Root tuberous, Ivs. arrow-shaped, in water, plant 1-3 ft. tall Nearly throughout U.S. and southern Can. Spring 169 to autumn Tragopogon porri- folius (Salsify) Fleshy taproot, Ivs. grasslike, fl. scape 1-2 ft. high, fls. purple Northern states and Pacific Coast Summer 200 Typha angustifolia (Narrow-Leaved Cattail) In shallow water, Ivs. J4-J/2 in. wide, spike { /2 in. in diam. Eastern states Spring 196 and summer Typha latifolia (Broad-Leaved Cattail) In shallow water, Ivs. l /2-i in. wide, spike i in. in diam. U.S. and s. Can. Spring 196 and summer Valeriana edulis (Valerian) Peren., large root, 2-3 ft. high, fls. whitish Ont. to Ohio, w. to Pacific Coast Spring 194 to autumn Beverage and Flavoring Plants Benzoin aestivale (Spicebush) Shrub, 5-15 ft. high, moist woods, Ivs. oval, entire Me. to Mich., s . to G a . , Tenn. and Kans. Any 207 time of year Betula lenta (Black Birch) Forest tree, aro- matic bark, Ivs. ovate, fr. in catkins Me. to w. Ont., s. to Del., Tenn. and la. All 204 seasons 255 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Betula lutea (Yel- low Birch) Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch) Ceanothus arneri- canus (New Jer- sey Tea) Geum rivale (Pur- ple Avens) Gymnocladus dioi- ca (Kentucky Coffee Tree) Ilex glabra (Appa- lachian Tea) Ilex verticillata (Winterberry) Ledum groenlandi- cum (Labrador Tea) Magnolia virgini- ana (Sweet Bay) Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) Mentha canadensis (American Wild Mint) CHARACTERISTICS Large forest tree, bark yellowish, less aromatic Tree, bark white, peeling in layers Shrub, Ivs. ovate, 3-ribbed, fls. in white clusters Herb 2 ft. high, Ivs. 3 leaflets, fls. nod- ding, purplish Tree, bark rough, Ivs. compound, pod and seeds large Shrub 2-3 ft. high, Ivs. evergreen, shining 1-2 in. long Shrub 10 ft. high, Ivs. oval-toothed, fr. red Shrub, erect ever- green, 1-3 ft. high, in bogs Tree 15-50 ft. high, Ivs. glossy, found in swamps Peren. herb, op. Ivs., ovate-toothed, lemon-scented Herb, 12 ft. high, Ivs. op., toothed, aromatic, fls. in whorls RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Nfld. tO All Man., s. to seasons N.J., Va. and 111. 205 Nfld. to B.C., s. to Pa. and Great Lakes Nfld. to N.J., w. to Alta. and Colo. N.Y. to S.D., s. to Tenn. and Okla. N.S. to Fla., mainly near coast N.S. to Wis., s. to Fla. and Mo. Greenland and Lab., s. to Conn., Pa., Mich., and Minn. Mass, to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. Me. to Ga., w. to Mo. N.B. to Va., w. to Coast Summer 205 Me. to Man., Spring s. to Fla. and to Tex. autumn 214 Summer 221 Gathered autumn 210 and winter Greater 222 part of year Summer 222 Spring, 216 summer, and autumn Summer 221 Summer dried 222 for winter Summer dried 218 for winter Index 2 S 6 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS Mentha pipcrita Herb, 1-2 ft. high, (Peppermint) red stem, Ivs. toothed, aromatic Mentha spicata (Spearmint) Monarda didyma (Bee Balm) Myrica asplenifolia (Sweet Fern) Myrica Gale (Sweet Gale) Nepeta hederacea (Ground Ivy) Herb, i-ij^ ft. high, Ivs. aromatic, fls. spiked Herb, 2-3 ft. high, fls. scarlet, Ivs. toothed, aromatic Shrub, x-2 ft. high, Ivs. fernlike, fra- grant Shrub, in bogs, 3-5 ft. high, Ivs. fra- grant Creeping herb, i ft. long, Ivs. round, fls. blue Picea mariana (Black Spruce) Tree, 80 ft. high, evergreen, Ivs. 4-sided, cone i l /$ in. long Rhus canadensis Shrub, spreading, (Fragrant Su- 3 leaflets, aromatic, mac) fr. red, clustered Rhus copallina (Dwarf Sumac) Rhus gl abr a (Smooth Sumac) Rhus hirta (Stag- horn Sumac) Shrub or small tree, fr. panicled, red, acid Shrub, 5-10 ft. high, smooth, fr. panicled, red, acid Small tree, twigs hairy, fr. panicled, red, acid RANGE N.S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Ark. N.S. to Minn, and Wash., s. to Fla., Tex. and Calif. Qu e. to Mich., s. to G a . and Tenn. N.S. to Sask., s. to N.C. and Ind. Nfld. to Alas., s. to N.E. and N.Y. Nfld. to Minn., s. to Ga., Kans. and Colo. Canada and northern U.S. Vt. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and la. N.S. to S.D., s. to Ga., Ind., and la. IN SEASON PAGE Summer dried 218 for winter Summer dried 218 for winter Summer dried 222 for winter Summer 221 Summer 221 Spring 222 and summer All 220 seasons Summer 213 Summer 213 and autumn Summer 213 and autumn Summer 211 and autumn 257 Index SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Sassafras variifoli- Tree, twigs green, Mass, to All 205 um (Sassafras) bark spicy, aromat- Mich., la. seasons ic and Kans. Solidago odora Plant 2-3 ft. high, Me. to Vt., s. Summer 219 (Sweet Golden- Ivs. narrow, odor to Fla. and and rod) of anise w. to Mo. autumn and Tex. Triosteum perfoli- Herb 2-3 ft. tall, Mass, to July 222 atum (Horse Ivs. clasping, fr. Nebr., s. to to Gentian) orange Ala. and Mo. Sept. Tsuga canadensis Evergreen tree, Ivs. Canada to All 220 (Hemlock) l /2 in. long, white Ala. seasons beneath, cone $4 in. long Sugars and Gums Abies balsamea Tree, evergreen, Nfld. to Hud- Entire 225 (Balsam Fir) Ivs. linear, cones son Bay and year erect, 2-4 in. long Sask., s. to Mass., Pa. and la. Acer Negundo Tree (maple), Ivs. Me. to Man., March 231 (Box Elder) opposite, com- s. to Fla. and and pound, fr. winged Mex. April Acer nigrum (Black Resembles Sugar Can. to Va. Feb. 230 Sugar Maple) Maple, bark dark- and Mo. to er, lobes of Ivs. April broader and short- er Acer rubrum (Red Forest tree, gray N.S. to Man., Feb. 230 Maple) bark, Ivs. with s. to Fla. and to sharp lobes Tex. April Acer saccharinum Large tree, gray N.B. to Fla., Feb. 231 (Silver Maple) bark, Ivs. with w. to S.D. to deep lobes and Okla. April Acer saccharum Forest tree, bark Nfld. to Feb. 22ft (Sugar Maple) dark gray, scaly, Man., s. to to Ivs. pointed lobes, Fla. and Tex. April rounded sinuses Liquidambar Styra- Tree, coastal plain, Conn, to Fla. Spring 227 ciflua (Sweet Ivs. star-shaped, fr. and Tex. and Gum) bur-like summer Index 258 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Phragmites commu- nis (Reed Grass) Silphium lacinia- tum (Compass Plant) CHARACTERISTICS Coarse grass, 5-12 ft. high, swampy ground, plumelike panicle Rough perennial, 6- 10 ft. high, Ivs. edges vertical, fl. head large IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Throughout U.S. and s. Summer and 226 Canada autumn Ohio to S.D., s. to Ala., La. and Tex. Summer 232 EDIBLE PLANTS of Southern United States Wild Fruits SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Amelanchier cana- densis (Juneber- ry) Small tree, smooth bark, fr. *4 to l /3 in - in diam. N.S. to Ont., s. to Fla. and Tex. June and July 37 Annona glabra (Pond Apple) Tree, evergreen, Ivs. oval, leathery, fr. 4 in. long Florida and Bahama Is. Summer and autumn ii Asimina triioba (Papaw) Small tree, Ivs. large, entire, fr. 4 in. long, i l /2 in. thick, yellow-green N . J . to Mich, and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer and autumn 9 Berberis canadensis (American Bar- berry) Shrub 2 to 4 ft. high, spiny, f r. oval, scarlet Mts. of Va. s. and w. Aug. to Oct. 12 Bumelia lycioides (Southern Buck- thorn) Shrub, i to 3 ft. high, berry black, l /3 in. long, i-seeded Va. to Ky., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer to frost 5 Celtis mississippi- ensis (Southern Hackberry) Large tree, bark warty, fr. dark brown, *4 * n * * n diam. Southern states Autumn and winter 5 Condalia obovata (Purple Haw) Shrub or small tree, spiny, fr. % in. in diam., black Texas and Mexico Summer and autumn 53 Crataegus aestiva- lis (May Haw) Small tree, spiny, fr. red, l /2 in. in diam. Southern states May to July 40 Diospyros texana (Black Persim- mon) Small tree, bark smooth, fr. black, i in. in diam. Texas and Mexico Late summer and autumn 79 259 Index 260 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Diospyros virgini- ana (Persim- mon) Gaylussacia fron- dosa (Dangle- berry) Lycium carolinia- num (Boxthorn) Mitchell a repens (Partridgeberry) Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) Nyssa aquatica (Tupelo) Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum) Opuntia vulgaris (Eastern Prickly Pear) Passiflora incarna- ta (Maypops) Passiflora lutea (Yellow Passion Flower) CHARACTERISTICS Tree, bark dark, rough, fr. yellow- red, i in. in diam. Shrub, 2 ft. high, twigs brown, fr. blue with bloom, Y$ in. in diam. Shrub spiny, 2-5 ft. high, fr. i/2 in. in diam., red Creeping evergreen herb, fr. red, l /$ in. in diam. Tree, Ivs. large, lobed, fr. i-i l / 2 in. long, purple Large tree, Ivs. ovate, fr. oblong, i in. long, black Tree, rough bark, Ivs. entire, fr. l /2 in. long, black, i- seeded Cactus, spreading, flat, jointed, prick- ly, fr. 1-2 in. long, red Vine tendril-climb- ing, fr. oblong, 2- 3# in. long Vine tendril-climb- ing, fls. yellow, fr. l /2 in. in diam. Physalis ixocarpa Annual, branching, (Tomatillo) fr. purple, in a husk (calyx) Physalis pubescens Annual, branching, (Ground Cherry) fr. in husk, yellow, l / 2 in. in diam. RANGE Conn, to La., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.H. s. to Fla., w. to Ohio Southern states N.S.toMinn., s. to Fla. and Tex. West N.E., w. to Dak., s. to Gulf Va. to Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex. Me. to Mich., s. to Fla. and Tex. Mass, to Fla. and Ala. near coast Va. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. Pa. to 111. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.Y. to Tex. and Calif. IN SEASON PAGE Autumn 77 to winter July to Sept. 69 N.Y. w. s. and Autumn 80 to early winter Entire 81 year May 6 to Aug. Autumn 90 Autumn 89 Autumn 61 Autumn 59 Autumn 60 Summer 80 and autumn Aug. 79 to Oct. 26l Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Podophylhim pelta- tum (May Ap- Pie) Prunus americana (Wild Plum) Prunus a n gust i fo- lia (Chickasaw Plum) Prunus hortulana (Wild Goose Plum) Prunus serotina (Black Wild Cherry) Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry) Pyrus angustifolia (Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple) Reynosia latifolia (Darling Plum) Rhamnus carolini- ana (Indian Cherry) Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspber- ry) Rubus odoratus (Purple -Flower- ing Raspberry) Rubus procumbens (Dewberry) CHARACTERISTICS Plant, 15 in. high, 2 Ivs., fr. pulpy, yellow, ovoid, 2 in. long Small tree, slightly thorny, fr. i in. in diam., red or yel- low Shrub or small tree, fr. red or yellow with bloom Small tree, spread- ing, fr. bright red Large tree, fr. in racemes, black, l /$ in. in diam. Shrub or small tree, fr. racemes, red or brown, l /z in. in diam. Small tree, Ivs. ob- long, toothed, fr. I in. in diam. Tree, small ever- green, f r. oval black, y in. long Shrub or small tree, bark gray, fr. round, black, % in. in diam. Shrub, prickly glau- cous, fr. purple- black Shrubby, unarmed, fls. purple, fr. red, depressed Shrubby, trailing, fr. black, large, few drupelets RANGE Que. to Fla., w. to Plains Conn, to Mont., s. to Fla., Tex., and N.M. Del. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Tex. W.Va. to Kans., a. to Miss, and Tex. N.S. to Dak., s. to Fla. and Tex. Can. to Gulf, Atlantic to Pacific NJ. to Kans., s. to Fla. and La. IN SEASON PAGE 13 Fla. Keys and Va. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Tex. Que. to Ont., s. to Ga. and Mo. N.S. to Ga., w. to Mich, and Tenn. Me. to Ont., 8. to Va., La., and Okla. 4$ 43 July and Aug. July to Sept. July and Aug. July and Aug. Aug. and Sept. Aug. and Sept. Oct. 52 to Dec. Summer 53 and autumn Autumn 51 June to Aug. July and Aug. 49 July and Aug. 30 Index 262 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Rubus trivialis (Southern Dew- berry) Rubus villosus (Tall Blackber- ry) Sambucus canaden- sis (Elderberry) Smilacina racemo- sa (False Solo- mon's-Seal) Smilax herbacea (Carrion Flower) Vaccinium corym- bosum (High- Bush Blueberry) Vaccinium stami- neum (Deer- berry) Viburnum cassinoi- des (Withe-Rod) Viburnum nudum (Larger Withe- Rod) Viburnum prunifo- liurn (Black Haw) Vitis aestivalis (Summer Grape) Vitis candicans (Mustang Grape) CHARACTERISTICS Shrub, evergreen, trailing, branches erect, fr. i in. long Tall, erect or curved, fr. black, large and juicy Stem woody, 6 ft. high, berries in flat clusters Plant, 2 ft. high, rootstock stout, fr. red, terminal Herbaceous, un- armed, climbing, fr. black, globular clusters Shrub, 3-10 ft. high, fr. blue-black with bloom Shrub, 1-3 ft. high, fr. green, Yz in. in diain. Shrub, 5-10 ft. high, clustered, fr. blue-black Shrub, 5-15 ft. high, fr. black with bloom Shrub or small tree, fr. blue-black with bloom Woody vine, fr. in dense clusters, blue, }/3 in. in diam., Ivs. rusty beneath Vine, high-climb- ing, fr. 34 in. in diam., purple RANGE Va. to Fla. and Tex. N.E. to Mich., s. to Fla. and Ark. N.S. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.S. to B.C., s.to Ga., Mo., and Ariz. N.B.toMan., s. to Fla. and Okla. Me. to Minn., s. to Va. and La. Mass, to Minn., s. to Fla. and La. N.J. to Man., s. to Ga. and Ala. Conn, to Ky., s. to Fla. and Tex. Conn., Mich., and Ivans., s. to Ga. and Tex. N.H. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Tex. Texas IN SEASON PAGE June 30 and July June to Aug. Aug. to Oct. Summer and autumn Sept. to Dec. July to Sept. July to Sept. Sept. to Dec. Sept. to Dec. Sept. to Dec. Aug. to Oct. Aug. and Sept. 29 82 88 86 86 86 55 263 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Vitis cordifolia (Chicken Grape) Vitis labrusca (Northern Fox Grape) Vitis Linsecomii Vitis Munsoniana ( M u n s o n ' s Grape) Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine) Vitis rupestris (Sand Grape) Yucca filamentosa (Common Yuc- ca) Carya alba (Mock- ernut) Carya glabra (Pig- nut) Carya illinoensis (Pecan) CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Vine, high-climb- ing, Ivs. green be- neath, fr. black, J4 in. in diam. Pa. to Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. to Dec. 56 Vine, Ivs. woolly beneath, fr. large, brownish purple N.E.toMinn., s. to Ga. and Tenn. Aug. to Nov. 53 Stocky vine, Ivs. 3- lobed, fr. -^ in. in diam., black with bloom Tenn. to Mo., s. to La. and Tex. Aug. to Nov. 58 Low-climbing, Ivs. small, fr. J/j in. in diam., black Ga. and Fla. Aug. and Sept. 58 Climbing high, Ivs. leathery, fr. round, Y^-i in. in diam., purple Del. to Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Aug. to Oct. 57 Bushy, 3-6 St. high, fr. l /z- l /2 in. in diam., black Pa. to Mo. and south Aug. and Sept. 56 Herbaceous, stem short, fl. stalk 5 ft. tall, fr. 2 in. long Southern states Spring and summer 3 Edible Nuts Large tree, rough bark, 7 to 9 leaflets, nu ts thick husk, thick shell Mass., s. Ont. to Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. to Dec. Z02 Large tree, rough bark, 5 to 7 leaflets, nut smooth, husk thin, shell thick Me. to s. Ont., w. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. to Dec. 103 Large tree, leaflets ii to 15, nut smooth, oblong, husk thin, shell thin S. Ind., la. and Kans., s. to Ala. and Tex. Sept. to Dec. 98 Index 264 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Caryaovata (Shag- bark) Castanea dentata (American Chest- nut) Castanea nana (Southern Chin- quapin) Castanea pumila (Chinquapin) Corylus americana (Hazelnut) Corylus rostrata (Beaked Hazel- nut) Fagus grandifo- lia (American Beech) Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Quercus alba (White Oak) Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) Quercus Michauxii (Cow Oak) Quercus Muhlen- bergii (Yellow Oak) CHARACTERISTICS Large tree, bark shaggy, leaflets 5, nut thick husk, thin shell Large tree, gray bark, prickly bur, brown seeds Low shrub, forming patches, bur small, nut y\ in. long Small tree or shrub, small bur, i-seeded Shrub, 5 ft. tall, brown nut in leaf- like husk Shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, brown nut in tubular husk Large tree, smooth bark, bur with soft prickles, 2-seeded Large tree, dark rough bark, 4- celled nut in round green husk Large tree, rough gray bark, acorn oblong, cup shallow Large tree, flaky bark, acorn on long stem, cup l /3 of acorn Large tree, flaky bark, Ivs. oval, den- tate, acorn i in. long Tree, bark gray flaky, Ivs. like American Chestnut IN RANGE SEASON PAGE N.E., s. Can. Sept. 99 and Minn., s. to to Fla. and Nov. Tex. Me. to Mich., Sept. 108 s. to Ga. and and Ark. Oct. Gulf states Aug. no and Sept. S. N.J., Pa. Aug. no to Ind. and to Mo., s. to Oct. Fla. and Tex. Me. to Sask., July 105 s. to Fla. and to Kans. Sept. N.S. to B.C., July 106 s. to Ga., to Tenn., Kans., Sept. and Ore. N.S. to Minn., Sept. 107 s. to Fla. and and Tex. Nov. Mass, to Sept. 94 Minn. and to Nebr., s. to Dec. Fla. and Tex. Me. to Minn., Sept. in s. to Fla. and to Tex. Dec. Que. to Ga., Sept. 112 w. to Minn. to and Ark. Dec Del. to Ind. Aug. 112 and Mo., s. to to Fla. and Nov. Tex. Vt. to Minn., Sept. 112 s. to Ala. and to Tex. Nov. 265 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS IN SEASON PAGE Quercus prinoides Shrub or small tree, Me. to Minn., Sept. (Scrub Chestnut Ivs. whitish be- s. to Ala. to Oak) neath, chestnutlike, and Tex. Nov. acorn sessile Quercus prinus Large tree, Ivs. Me. to s. Sept. (Rock Chestnut chestnutlike, cup Ont., s. to to Oak) thin, acorn large Ala. and Nov. Tenn. 113 Edible Seeds and Seed Pods Amaranthus hy- bridus (Red Am- aranth) Arundinaria gi- gantea (Large Cane) Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) Gleditsia triacan- thos (Honey Lo- cust) Lupinus perennis (Wild Lupine) Medicago lupulina (Black Medic) Nelumbo lutea (American Lo- tus) Phaseolus stachyus Bean) poly- (Wild Annual weed, 4 ft. high, root red, seeds small, black shining Shrubby grass, 10 to 25 ft. high, on river banks Annual, 2 to 5 ft. high, fls. yellow, pods y 2 in. long, seeds brown Large tree with branching thorns, pod brown, flat, i ft. long twisted Erect peren nial, pea-like fls., blue in spikes, pods i } / 2 in. long Cloverlike, fls. yel- low, pod twisted Water plant, fls. large, pale yellow, seeds acornlike Perennial, vine, leaflets 3, fls. pur- ple, pods 2 in. long Over most of N.A. Va. to Mo., s. to Fla. and La. U.S. and s. Can. N.Y. to Fla. w. to Mich., Kans. Tex. and Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Over most of U.S. Mass, to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tenn. (rare) Conn, to Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer 129, and 163 autumn Summer 129 and autumn Summer 116 and autumn Autumn 121 Summer 129 and early autumn Summer 129 Autumn 115 to winter Autumn 122 Index 266 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Robinia Pseudo- Acacia (Locust Tree) Sisymbrium offi- cinale (Hedge Mustard) Vigna sinensis (China Bean) Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice) CHARACTERISTICS Large tree, rough bark, white pea- like fls., pod flat, 3 in. long Annual, fls. small, yellow, pods ]/% in. long Vine, twining, i to 6 ft. long, pod fleshy, 4 to 7 in. long Tall grass, in swamps, grain dark, ^ to i in. long RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Pa. to Ga., Autumn 120 w. to la. and and Mo. winter Widely dis- Summer 118 tributed and autumn Escaped from Ga. to Mo. and South Summer 130 N.B. to Man., Autumn 113 s. to Fla. and Tex. Salad Plants Amaranthus hy- bridus (Slender Pigweed) Amaranthus retro- flexus (Green Amaranth) Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimper- nel) Arctium minus (Common Bur- dock) Azalea nudiflora (Rhododendron nudiflorum) (Azalea) Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo) Barbarea verna Tufted, erect, Ivs. Mass, to Spring 150 (Winter Cress) smooth, fls. yellow, N.Y., s. to i to 2 ft. high Fla. Annual, 4 ft. high, roots red, seeds black Canada to tropics Spring 129, and 163 summer Annual, stout, 3 to 6 ft. high, roots red, seeds black U.S. gener- ally Spring and summer 143 Annual, spreading, branches 10 in. long, fls. scarlet Nfld. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex. Spring and summer 166 Biennial, Ivs. large, fls. purple, forming burs Over much of U.S. Spring 166 Shrub, fls. pink, "galls" irregular Me. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. May and June 154 Herb, erect branch- ing, fls. yellow Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and La. Spring and early summer 165 267 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Capsella Bursa- pastoris (Shep- herd's-Purse) Cardamine penn- sylvanica (Penn- sylvania Cress) Chenopodium al- bum (Lamb's Quarter) Cichorium Intybus (Chicory) Commelina com- munis (Day Flower) Impatiens biflora (Spotted Touch- Me-Not) Lactuca canadensis (Wild Lettuce) Lactuca scariola (Prickly Lettuce) Laportea canaden- sis (Wood Net- tle) Malva rotundifolia (Low Mallow) Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern) Oxalis violacea (Violet Wood Sorrel) CHARACTERISTICS Annual, fls. white, mustard flavor, i ft. high Annual, i ft. tall, Ivs. deep-cut, fls. white, wet ground Weed, annual, 2 to 6 ft. high, fls. small, greenish Perennial, i to 3 ft. tall, Ivs. basal, fls. blue Annual weed, weak, branched, fls. blue Annual, succulent, Ivs. oval, pale, fls. orange, spotted Herb, 4 to 8 ft. tall, stem hollow, leafy, fls. yellow Weed, 2 to 5 ft. tall, weak prickles on stem and Ivs. Herb, with stinging hairs, i to 2 ft. tall, in woods Biennial, spread- ing, Ivs. round, fls. white Fern, 15 in. high, lobes few, in wet ground Herb, 4 to 10 in. high, fls. violet, leaflets 3 RANGE World-wide Nfld. to Minn, and Mont., s. to Fla., Tenn. and Kans. Over N.A. and Europe N.S.toMinn., s. to Fla. and Kans., also west coast Del. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Tex. N.S. to Wash., s. to Fla., Kans., and Ore. N.S. to B.C., s. to Ga., La., and N.M. Atlantic Pacific to N.B. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Kans. Atlantic to Pacific Nfld. to Sask., s. to Gulf Mass, to Minn. s. to Fla. and Tex. Index IN SEASON PAGE Spring 164 Spring 152 and summer Spring 140 and summer Spring 158 Spring 162 and summer May and June May to July May and June May and June May and June Spring 136 Spring 165 and 167 161 161 138 165 Index 268 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Phytolacca decan- dra (Poke Weed) Plantago major (Common Plan- tain) Polygonatum biflo- rum (True Solo- mon's-Seal) Polygonum Persi- caria (Lady's Thumb) Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) Pteris aquilina (Bracken) Radicula nastur- tium-aquaticum (Water Cress) Radicula palustris (Marsh Cress) Rhexia virginica (Meadow Beauty) Rumex crispus (Curled Dock) Sabal Palmetto (Cabbage Palm) Scirpus validus (Great Bulrush) Sonchus oleraceus (Sow Thistle) CHARACTERISTICS Weed, 4 to 8 ft. tall, stout, Ivs. large, fr. purple in racemes Weed, Ivs. nearly entire at base, Ms. in spike Perennial, 2 ft. high, Ivs. whitish beneath, fls. lilylike, fr. blueberry Annual, 10 to 20 in. high, fls. pink, ra- cerned panicle Annual weed, pros- trate, fleshy, in cult, grounds Coarse fern, 2 to 5 ft. tall, wide- spreading Perennial, in brooks and ditches, Ivs. peppery Plant, erect xo to 20 in. tall, Ivs. deep- cut, fls. yellow Perennial, stem square, 15 in. tall, fls. purple Perennial, erect, 2 to 3 ft. tall, Ivs. large and wavy Tree, 20 to 70 ft. high, Ivs. fan- shaped Upright, 3 to 8 ft. tall, in ponds and swamps Annual, leafy, soft, spiny, 2 to 5 ft. tall, fls. yellow RANGE Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. to Tex. IN SEASON PAGE Spring 142 Atlantic to Spring 166 Pacific N.B. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Fla. and Tenn. Throughout U.S. Spring 162 Spring and Nearly Spring throughout to N.A. fall Throughout U.S. N.C. to Fla. 163 144 Spring 135 N.S. to Ga., Nearly 148 w . to Ida. through and Calif. year Over much Spring 149 of N.A. Me. to Fla., Spring 165 w . to la., and Mo., and La. summer Throughout Spring 139 U.S. Spring 136 and Nearly Spring 162, throughout 196 N.A. Nearly Spring 166 throughout and U.S. summer 269 Ind ex SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Stellaria media (Chickweed) Annual, tufted, weak, Ivs. opposite, fls. white Throughout U.S. Spring 146 Taraxacum offi- cinale (Dande- lion) Stemless herb, bas- al, tufted, toothed leaves Nearly throughout U.S. Spring S9 Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Common field crop, Ivs. three, fl. heads purple Nearly throughout U.S. Spring 165 Ulmus fulva (Slip- pery Elm) Tree, rough bark, Ivs. rough, inner bark slippery Que. to N.D., s. to Fla. and Tex. Spring 163 Uvularia perfoliata (Bellwort) Herb, forked, i ft. high, Ivs. perfoliate Que. to Ont., s. to Fla. and Miss. Spring 162 Valerianclla radi- ata (Beaked Corn Salad) Annual, forked, 10 in. high, fls. white Mass, to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Spring and summer 158 Viola palmata (Early Blue Vio- let) Stemless, Ivs. 5- to 9-lobed, fls. violet Mass, to Minn., s. to Ga. April and May 165 Edible Roots and Tubers Acorus Calamus (Calamus Root) Plant 2 ft. high, Ivs. sword-shaped, root pungent N.S.toMinn., s. to Fla. and Tex. All seasons 173 Allium canadense (Meadow Gar- lic) Onionlike, i ft high, umbel bulb-bearing N.B. to Fla., w. to Minn., Colo., and Tex. Spring 176 Allium cernuum (Nodding Wild Onion) Onionlike, scape angular, i to 2 ft. high, fls. pink N.Y. to S.C., w. to Calif. Spring 175 Amphicarpa mono- ica (Hog Pea- nut) Slender vine, 3 leaf- lets, pods pea-like, i in. long N.B. to Fla., w. to Man., Nebr. and La. Spring and autumn 189 Index 270 SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Anemonella thalic- troides (Rue Anemone) Slender, 4 to 8 in. high, Ivs. roundish, roots tuberous N.H. to Minn., s. to Fla., Tenn., and Kans. Spring and summer 198 Apios tuberosa (Groundnut) Vine, beanlike, roots tuberous, fls. purple N.B. to Fla., w. to Minn., Kans. and Tex. Spring to autumn i7 Arisaema triphyl- lum (Jack-in-the- Pulpit) Lvs. 2, leaflets 3, fls. in spathe, corm pungent N.S. to Fla., w. to Minn., Kans., and Tex. Spring 172 Camassia esculenta (Wild Hyacinth) Coated bulb, linear Ivs. blue, on scape, i ft. high Pa. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Tex. Spring 178 Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty) Root tuberous, 2 lin- ear Ivs., fls. pink, 6 in. high N.S. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Tex. Spring 198 Cyperus esculcntus (Chufa) Sedge, i to 2 ft. high, roots with tubers, in fields N.B. to Minn, and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Summer and autumn 171 Tex. Cyperus rotundus (Nut Grass) Sedge, i ft. high, roots with tubers, in fields Va. to Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer and autumn 171 Dentnria laciniata (Tooth wort) Root deep-tuber- cled, 3 Ivs., fls. white or pink Que. to Fla., w. to Minn, and La. Spring 183 Erythronium amer- icanum (Yellow Adder's-Tongue) Bulb solid, 2 spotted Ivs., i yellow fl., lilylikc N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Ark. Spring 197 Ipomoea pandurata (Wild Potato) A wild morning- glory, root large, fls. white, purple eye Conn, to Mich. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer 193 Lilium canadense (Canada Lily) Bulb onionlike, stalk 2 to 5 ft. high, fls. 2 to 15 N.S. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Mo. Summer 197 Medeola virginiana Upright, 10-20 in. high, Ivs. whorled, tubers oblong, white N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tenn. Spring and summer 1 80 271 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Oenothera biennis (Evening Prim- rose) Orontium aquati- cum (Golden Club) Osmorhiza lon- gistyiis (Sweet Myrrh) Peltandra virginica (Arrow Arum) Sagittaria latifolia (Arrowhead) Smilax Bona-nox (Bristly Green- brier) Smilax pseudo- china (China Brier) Typha latifolia (Cattail) Zamia Floridana (Florida Arrow- root) CHARACTERISTICS Biennial, stout, 2-5 ft hiy;h, roots Heshy, long, fls yellow Herbaceous, in poiuN, loot large, Ivs. floating Root aiomatic, 2 ft. high, fls. in umbels herbs, in shallow water, root bulbous Root tuberous, Ivs. arrow-shaped, plant 1-3 ft. tall, in water High - climbing, steins angled with spines, berry black, i-seeded High - climbing, spines few, berry black, i-t03-seeded, root large In shallow water, Ivs. l /2 to i in. wide, spike x in. in diam. Low, palmlike, Ivs. pinnate, root stem thick IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Lab.toMinn., Spring 199 s. to Fla. and Tex. Mass, to Pa., Spring 197 s. to Fla. and La. N.S. to Sask , Spring 199 s. to Ala. and and Kans. summer Me. to Ont., Spring 196 s. to Fla. and La. Nearly Spring 169 throughout to U.S. and s. autumn Can. NJ. to Mo., s. Spring 198 to Fla. and and Tex. summer N.J. to Kans., Spring 198 s. to Fla. and and Tex. summer Throughout Spring 196 U.S. and s. Can. Fla. penin. All seasons 196 Beverage and Flavoring Plants Benzoin aestivale (Spicebush) Cassia occidentalis (Coffee Senna) Shrub, 5-15 ft. high, moist woods, Ivs. oval, entire Plant, 2-4 ft. high, fls. yellow, pods 4 in. long Me. to Mich., s . to G a . , Tenn., and Kans. Va. to Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. All seasons 207 Summer 221 and autumn Index 272 SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGB SEASON PAGE Ceanothus ameri- canus (New Jer- sey Tea) Shrub, 2 ft. high, Ivs. ovate, 3-ribbed, fls. white in clusters Me. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer 214 Ilex Cassine (Da- boon Holly) Shrub or sm. tree, evergreen, Ivs. leathery, fr. J4 in. in diam., red Va. to La., near coast Evergreen, all 216 seasons Ilex glabra (Ap- palachian Tea) Shrub, 2-3 ft. high, Ivs. evergreen, shin- ing, 1-2 in. long N.S. to Fla., near coast Spring 222 and summer Ilex verticillata (Winterberry) Shrub, 10 ft. high, Ivs. oval toothed, fr. red N.S. to Wis., s. to Fla. and Mo. Summer 222 Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon) Evergreen shrub, Ivs. leathery, oval, fr. J4 in. in diam., red Va. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. Evergreen, all 215 seasons Magnolia virgini- ana (Sweet Bay) Tree, 15-50 ft. high, Ivs. glossy, in swamps Mass, to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. Summer 221 Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) Perennial herb, op. Ivs., ovate, toothed, lemon-scented Me. to Ga., w. to Mo. Summer 222 Mentha piperita (Peppermint) Herb, 1-2 ft. high, red stem, Ivs. toothed, aromatic N.S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Ark. Spring 218 to autumn Mentha spicata (Spearmint) Herb, i-ij^ ft. high, Ivs. aromatic, fls. spiked N.S. to Minn, and Wash., s. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. Spring 218 to autumn Monarda didyma (Bee Balm) Herb, 2-3 ft. high, fls. scarlet, Ivs. toothed, aromatic Que.toMich., s. to Ga. and Tenn. Spring 222 to autumn Nepeta hederacea (Ground Ivy) Creeping herb, i ft. long, Ivs. round, fls. blue Nfld. to Minn., s. to Ga., Kans. and Colo. Spring 222 to autumn Persea Borbonia (Sweet Bay) Tree, 20-50 ft. high, evergreen, Ivs. aro- matic, fr. blue, l /2 Del. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. Evergreen, all 209 seasons in. in diam. 273 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Rhus canadensis (Fragrant Su- mac) CHARACTERISTICS Shrub, spreading, 3 leaflets, aromatic, fr. red clustered RANGE Vt. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. IN SEASON PAGE Summer 213 and autumn Rhus copallina (Dwarf Sumac) Shrub or small tree, fr. panicled, red, acid Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer 213 and autumn Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac) Sassafras variifo- lium (Sassafras) Shrub, 5-10 ft. high, smooth, f r. panicled, red, acid Tree, twigs green, bark spicy, aromatic N.S.toMinn., s. to Fla. and la. Mass, to Mich., la., and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer 213 and autumn All 205 seasons Solidago odora (Sweet Golden- rod) Trilisa odoratis- sima (Carolina Vanilla) Plant, 2-3 ft. high, Ivs. narrow, odor of anise Perennial herb, com- posite family, 2-3 ft. high, odor of va- nilla Me. to Vt., s. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. Va. to Fla., w. to La. Late 219 summer Spring 223 and Triosteum perfolia- tum (Horse Gen- tian) Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) Herb, 2 or 3 ft. tall, Ivs. clasping, fr. orange Evergreen tree, Ivs. YT. in. long, light be- neath, cone 24 ' n - long Mass, to Nebr., s. to Ala. and Mo. Can. to Ala. Summer 222 and autumn All 220 seasons Acer Negundo (Box Elder) Acer rubrum (Red Maple) Sugars and Gums Tree (maple), Ivs. opposite compound, fr. winged Forest tree, gray bark, Ivs. with sharp lobes Me. to Man., s. to Fla. and Mex. N.S. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. Feb. to April Feb. to April 231 230 Index 274 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) Liquidambar Sty- raciflua (Sweet Gum) Phragmites com- munis (Reed Grass) Silphium laciniatum (Compass Plant) CHARACTERISTICS Forest tree, gray bark, Ivs. with deep lobes Forest tree, bark dark gray, scaly, Ivs. pointed lobes, rounded sinuses Tree, coastal plain, Ivs. star-shaped, fr. bur-like Coarse grass, 5-12 ft. high, swampy ground, plumelike panicle Rough perennial, 6- 10 ft. high, leaf edges vertical, fl. head large RANGE N.B. to Fla., w. to S.D. and Okla. Nfld.toMan., s. to Fla. and Tex. Conn, to Fla. and Tex. Throughout U.S. and s. Can. Ohio to S.D., s. to Ala., La. f and Tex. IN SEASON PAGE Feb. 231 to April Feb. to April 228 Summer 227 Summer 226 Summer 232 EDIBLE PLANTS from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains Wild Fruits SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Amelanchier alni- folia (Northwest- ern Juneberry) Shrub, 4-7 ft. high, f r . purple \v i t h bloom ',3 in. in diam. Ont. to B.C., s. to Nebr. and Calif. Summer 38 A s i m i n a t r i 1 o b a (Papaw) Small tree, Ivs. large, entire, fr. 4 in. Ion,;, 1 \ '> in. N.J.toMicli., Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Autumn 9 thick, yellow-green Celtis crassifolia ( Rough - Leaved Hackberry) Tree, Ivs. elmlike, downy, fr. purplish black, 13 in. in diam., i -seeded E. U.S., w. to plains Autumn and winter 5 Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) Tree, Ivs. smooth, elmlike, bark rough, fr. biown, }j in. in E. U.S., w. to plains Autumn and winter 3 diam. Chiogenes hispi- dula (Creeping Snowberry) Creeping evergreen shiuh, Ivs. small, berries white, } /2 in. long N. U.S. and Can. Summer and autumn 76 Cornus canadensis (Bunchberry) Shrubby, 3-8 in. high, Ivs. whorled at top, fr. red in cluster Nfld. to Alas- ka, s. to N.J., W.Va., Colo., and Calif. Summer 89 Diospyros virgini- ana (Persimmon) Tree, bark dark, rough, fr. orange, i-i 1 /* in. in diam. Conn, to la. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Autumn ami winter 77 Tex. Elaeagnus argentea (Silverberry) Shrub, 6-10 ft. high, Ivs. silvery, fr. Ys in. long Dak. and Mont., n. into Can. Late summer and 66 autumn 275 Index 276 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Fragaria vesca (Wood Straw- berry) Fragaria virginiana (Wild Straw- berry) Mitchella repens (Partridgeberry) Morus alba (White Mulberry) Morus nigra (Black Mulberry) Morus rubra Mulberry) (Red Opuntia Rafinesquii (Western Prickly Pear) Passiflora lutea (Yellow Passion Flower) Podophyllum pelta- tum (May Apple) Prunus americana (Wild Plum) Prunus angustifo- lia (Chickasaw Plum) CHARACTERISTICS Stemless herb, leaf- lets 3, fr. red, seeds on surface Stemless, 3 leaflets, berry scarlet, seeds in pits Creeping, ever- green herb, fr. red, l /Z in. in diam. Tree, Ivs. smooth and shining, fr. white Tree, similar to last but fr. black, Ivs. rough Tree, Ivs. large and lobed, fr. i to i l /2 in. long, purple-black Cactus, spreading, jointed, flat, prickly, fr. i to 2 in. long, red Vine, tendril-climb- ing, fls. yellow, fr. 1/2 in. in diam., pur- pie Plant, 15 in. high, 2 Ivs. fr. pulpy, yel- low, ovoid, 2 in. long Tree, small, slightly thorny, fr. i in. in diam., red or yellow Small tree, slightly thorny, fr. round, red, y* to $4 in. in diam. RANGE N.B. to N.J., w. to Ore. N.B. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.S.toMinn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Eastern states w. to plains Eastern states w. to plains W. N.E., w. to Dak., s. to Gulf Mich, to Minn., s. to Tex. Pa. to Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Que. to Fla., w. to plains Conn, to Mont., s. to Fla., Tex. and N.M. Del. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Tex. IN SEASON PAGE June 2i and July June 20 and July July to Sept. June to Aug. 81 Nearly all year June to Aug. June to Aug. July and Aug. Autumn 63 Autumn 60 July and Aug. 40 45 Prunus hortulana Small tree, spread- W . V a . to July 43 (Wild Goose ing, fr. bright red Kans., s. to and Plum) Miss, and Aug. Tex. 277 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Prunus pennsylva- nica (Pin Cherry) Prunus serotina (Black Wild Cherry) Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry) Prunus Watsonii (Sand Plum) Pyrus angustifolia ( Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple) Pyrus ioensis (Western Crab Apple) Ribes aureum (Golden Cur- rant) Ribes Cynosbati (Wild Goose- berry) Ribes floridum (Wild Black Cur- rant) Ribes gracile (Mis- souri Gooseberry) Ribes oxyacantho- ides (Smooth Gooseberry) Ribes setosum (Bristly Goose- berry) CHARACTERISTICS Small slender tree, fr. in umbels, red, l /4 in. in diam. Large tree, fr. in racemes, black, l /$ in. in diam. Shrub or sm. tree, fr. in racemes, red or brown, ^j in. in diam. Shrub, 4-8 ft. high, slightly spiny, fr. round, >}$ in. in diam., red Tree, small, Ivs. oblong, toothed, fr. i in. in diam. Small tree, Ivs. woolly beneath, fr. i in. in diarn. Tall spineless shrub, Ivs. yellow, spicy, fr. yellow or black Shrub, spiny, ber- ries prickly, ^ in. in diam. Spreading shrub, no prickles, berries black, % in. in diam. Shrub, spines long and strong fls. white, fr. l /3 in. in diam., purplish Shrub, spines few, berry smooth, pur- plish Shrub, bristly and spiny, fls. white, fr. bristly, sour RANGE Lab. to B.C., s. to Pa., Tenn., and Colo. N.S. to Dak., s. to Fla. and Tex. Can. to Gulf, Atlantic to Pacific IN SEASON PAGB Kans. Nebr. and NJ. to Kans., s. to Fla. and La. Wis. and Minn., s. to La. and Okla. Minn, to Tex. w. to Pacific Me. to N.C., w. to plains N.B. to Man. and south Minn.toS.D., s. to Tenn. and Kans. Nfld.toMan., s. to Pa. and N.D. Ont. to Man., s. to Nebr. and Wyo. July to Sept. Aug. and Sept. July to Sept. July and Aug. Oct. to Dec. Oct. to Dec. 50 48 49 4* 3* 34 Summer 16 and autumn Summer 17 Summer 16 Summer 19 Summer 19 Summer 20 Index 278 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Rubus parviflorus (Salmonbcrry) Rubus strigosus (Wild Red Rasp- berry) Sambucus canaden- sis (Eldei berry) Shepherdia argen- tea (Buffalo Ber- ry) Smilacina racernosa (False Solomon's- Scal) CHARACTERISTICS Shrub, unarmed, Ivs. 5-lobed, fls. white, f r. red Shrubby, upright, prickless weak or bristly, fr. red Shrub, stems woody, 6 ft. high, berries in flat cluster, black Shrub, slightly thorny, 5 to 15 ft. high, Ivs. silvery, fr. ovoid, scarlet, acid Plant, 2 ft. high with rootstock, fr. red, terminal pani- cle Smilax herbacea Herbaceous, climb- ( Carrion Flow- ing, unarmed, fr. er) black, globulai clus- ters Shrub, i ft. high, stem green, warty, fr. blue-black with bloom Shrub, or small tree, fr, blue-black Vaccinium pennsyl- vanicum (Low Blueberry) Viburnum Lcntago (Nannyberry) Viburnum Opulua (Cranberry Tree) Viburnum pauci- florum (Pimbina) Vitiscinerea (Sweet Winter Grape) Shrub, 8 ft. high, fr. clustered, bright red, sour Spreading shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, fr. light red, clustered Vine, climbing, Ivs. not lobed, toothed, berries small black RANGE Mich, and Minn., w. to Alaska and Calif. Nfld. and Lab. s . to N.C., w. to B.C. N.S. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. Minn, and Man. s. and w. to Kans., N.M., Calif., and Ida. N.S. to B.C., a . to G a . , Mo., and Ariz. N.B. to Man., s. to Fla. and Okla. Que. to Man., s. to N.J., I n d . , and Kans. Nfld. to B.C., s. to N.J., la., and Ore. IN SEASON PACE Summer 24 Summer 24 Summer 82 and autumn Summer 64 and autumn Summer 88 and autumn Autumn 88 Nfld. toSask., June s. to Va. and to 111. Aug. Autumn 85 Sept. to Dec. Nfld. to B.C., Sept. s. to N.J., la., to and Ore. Nov. 84 111. to Kans., s. to Tex. Autumn 56 279 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Vitis cordifolia (Chicken Grape) Vitis vulpina (Riv- erside Grape) CHARACTERISTICS Vine, high-climbing, Ivs. gr. beneath, fr. black, l /4 in. in cliam. Vine, often trailing, Ivs. green beneath, fr. ' j in. in diatn., blue-black RANGE Pa. to Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.B. to N.D., s. to Md. and Kans. IN SFAM1N Autumn 56 Autumn 56 Yucca glauca (Adam's Needle) Yucca, Ivs. stiff- pointed, Us. white, lilylikc, pod 2 in. long Gt. Plains Summer 3 and Rocky and Mts. autumn Carya alba (Mock- ernut) Edible Nuts Large tree, rough Mass., s. Ont. bark, 7 to 9 leaflets, to Nebr., s. to nut thick husk, thick Fla. and Tex. shell Sept. to Nov. 102 Carya illinoensis (Pecan) Carya laciniosa (Big Shellhark) Corylus americana (Hazelnut) Corylus rostrata (Beaked Hazel- nut) Juglans cinerea (Butternut) Large tree, rough bark, n to 15 leaf- lets, nut smooth ob- long, husk thin Large tree, shaggy bark, leaflets 5 to 7, nut large, thick husk, thick shell Shrub, 5 ft. tall, brown nut, in leaf- like husk Shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, nut in tubular husk Forest tree, gray bark, nut rough, 2 in. long, 2-celled S. Ind., la. and Kans., s. to Ala. and Tex. N.Y. and Pa., w. to la. and Kans., s. to Tenn. and Okla. Me. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Kans. N.S. to B.C., s . to G a . , Tenn. and Kans. N.B. to Ga., w. to Dak., Kans., and Ark. Sept. to Nov. Sept. to Nov. Aug. and Sept. Aug. and Sept. Sept. to Dec. 98 105 106 Index 280 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) CHARACTERISTICS Large tree, dark rough bark, 4-celled nut in round husk RANGE Mass, to Minn, and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. IN SEASON PAGE Oct. to Dec. 94 Juglans rupestris (Texas Walnut) Shrub or small tree, bark pale, deeply furrowed, nut V* in. in diam. W. Tex. and s.e. N.M. Autumn 96 Edible Seeds and Seed Pods Amaranthus blitoi- des (Prostrate Amaranth) Annual weed, spreading on ground, seed sm. black Me. to N.J., w. to Pacific Summer 129 and autumn Amaranthus hy- bridus (Red Amaranth) Astragalus caryo- carpus (Ground Plum) Annual weed, 4 ft. high, root red, seed sm. black shining Plant, 8 to 15 in. high, leaflets 18 to 23, fls. purple, pea- like, fr. y\ in. long Over most of Summer N.A. and autumn Minn, to Summer Sask. s. to and Mo. and Tex. autumn 129 123 Astragalus mexi- PJant, 8 to 15 in. 111. to Nebr., Summer canus (Ground high, leaflets 19 to s. to La. and and Plum) 31, fls. white, fr. Tex. autumn plum-shaped, i to iJ4 in. in diam. 124 Avena fatua (Wild Oat) Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) Grass, 2 to 3 ft. tall, similar to common oats (from Europe) Annual, 2 to 5 ft. high, fls. yellow, pod l /2 in. long, seeds brown Wis. and 111. w. to Coast U.S. s. Can. and Summer 128 Summer and autumn 116 Elymus condensatus (Rye Grass) Tufted grass, 3 to 6 ft. tall, spike 6 to 12 in. long Minn, to Colo, and N.M., w. to Pacific Summer 128 281 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Elymus triticoides (Wild Wheat) Gleditsia triacan- thos (Honej Lo- cust) Helianthus annaus (Sunflower) Linum Lewisii (Blue Flax) Lupinus perennis (Wild Lupine) Martynia louisiana (Unicorn Plant) Medicago lupulina (Black Medic) Oryzopsis hymenoi- des (Indian Mil- let) Phaseolus poly- stachyus (Wild Bean) Robinia Pseudo- Acacia (Locust Tree) in. long Sisymbrium off i- Annual, fls. sm. yel- Widely dis- Summer 118 cinale (Hedge low pods 1 A in. long tributed and Mustard) autumn CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE* Grass, culms smooth, 2 to 4 ft. tall, spike, 4 to 8 in. long Minn, to Colo., s. and w. to Pacific Summer 128 Large tree with branching thorns, pod brown, flat, i ft. long, twisted N.Y. to Fla., w. to Mich., Kans. and Tex. Sept. to Dec. 121 Annual, tall, 3 to 6 ft., rough, fl. heads 3 to 6 in. broad Minn, to Tex., w. to Coast Sept. to Dec. I2 7 Perennial, slender, i to 2 ft. high, Ivs. linear, crowded, fls. blue Wis. to Tex., w. to Alaska and Calif. Summer and autumn 130 Perennial, erect, pealike fls., blue in spikes, pod i 1 /* in. long Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer 129 Annual, branching, Ivs. large, fl. large, bell-shaped, pod long-beaked 111. to la., s. and w . to Tex. and N.M. Summer and autumn 125 Cloverlike, spread- ing, fls. yellow, pod twisted Over much of U.S. Summer 129 Grass, tufted, i to 2 ft. tall, panicle, 3 to 6 in. long la. to Tex., w. to Wash, and Calif. Summer and autumn 12$ Perennial, leaflets 3, fls. purple, pods drooping, 2 in. long Conn, to Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer and autumn 122 Large tree, rough bark, white fls. in racemes, pod flat, 3 Pa. to Ga., w. to la. and Mo. Autumn to spring 120 Index 282 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice) Tall grass in swamps, grain dark, ^ to i in. long N.B. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. Summer and autumn "3 Salad Plants and Potherbs Amaranthus hy- bridus (Slender Pigweed) Annual, 4 ft. high, roots red, seeds black Can. to trop- ics Spring and summer 163 Amaranthus retro- flexus (Green Amaranth) Annual, stout, 3 to 6 ft. high, roots red, seeds black U.S. gener- ally Spring to autumn 143 Arctuum minus (Common Bur- dock) Biennial, Ivs. large, purple fls. forming burs Over much of U.S- May to Aug. 166 Asclepias syriaca (Milkweed) Perennial, Ivs. oppo- site, fls. pale purple, fr. beaked pod N.B. to Sask., s. to Va. and Kans. May and June 155 Barbarea vulgaris (Winter Cress) Tufted erect, Ivs. smooth, fls. yellow, i to 2 ft. high Lab. to Va., w. to Coast Mar. to May 151 Caltha palustris (Marsh Mari- gold) Fleshy plants, in swamps, stems hol- low, fls. yellow Nfld. to N.C., w. to Sask. and Nebr. Apr. and May 146 Capsella Bursa- pastoris (Shep- herd's-Purse) Annual, fls. white, i ft. high, Ivs. mostly basal, mus- tard flavor World-wide Apr. and May 164 Cardamine penn- sylvanica (Penn- sylvania Bitter Cress) Annual, i ft. tall, Ivs. deep cut, fls. white, wet grounds Nfld. to Minn., Mont., s. to Fla., Tenn., and Kans. May to Aug. 153 Chenopodium al- bum (Lamb's Quarter) Weed, annual, 2 to 6 ft. tall, branched, fls. small greenish Over N.A. and Europe May to Sept. 140 Cichorium Intybus (Chicory) Perennial, i to 4 ft. tall, Ivs. basal, chiefly, fls. blue N.S.toMinn., s. to Fla. and Kans., West Coast Apr. and May 158 283 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Commelina corn- munis (Dayflow- er) Epilobium angusti- folium (Fire- weed) Hydrophyllum ap- pendiculatum (Waterleaf) Hydrophyllum vir- ginicum (Water- leaf) Impatiens biflora (Spotted Touch- Me-Not) Laciuca canadensis 'Wild Lettuce) Lactuca scariola (Prickly Lettuce) Laportea canaden- sis (Wood Net- tle) Malva rotundifolia (Low Mallow) Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern) Plantago major (Common Plan- tain) Polygonum Persi- caria (Lndy's Thumb) Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) CHARACTERISTICS Annual weed, weak, branched, Ms. blue Perennial herb, 2 to 5 ft. tall, Ivs. entire, fls. purple Biennial, weak, 15 in. high, fls. purple Perennial, weak, 10 to 20 in. high, fls. white or purple Annual, succulent, Ivs. oval, pale be- neath, fls. orange, spotted Herb, 4 to 8 ft. tall, stern hollow, leafy, fls. yellow Weed, 2 to 5 ft. tall, weak prickles on stem and Ivs. Herb with stinging hairs, i to 2 ft. tall, in woods Biennial, spreading, Ivs. round, fls. white Fern, 15 in. tall, lobes few, in wet ground Weed, Ivs. entire, basal, fls. in a spike Annual, 10 to 20 in. high, fls. pink, in racemes Annual weed of cult, grounds, pros- trate, fleshy IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Del. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Tex. Summer 162 Can., s. to Va., Kans., and Calif. May to July 1 66 N.Y. to N.C., w. to Minn, and Ivans. May and June 166 Que. to S.D., s. to N.C. and Kans. May and June 166 N.S. to Wash., s. to Fla., Kans. and Ore. May to July 167 N.S. to B.C., s. to Ga., La., and N.M. June to Aug. 161 Atlantic to Pacific May to July 161 N.B.toMinn., s. to Fla. and Kans. May and June 138 Atlantic to Pacific May to Aug. 165 Nfld. to Sask., s. to Gulf Apr. to June 136 Atlantic to Pacific Spring 1 66 Throughout U.S. Summer 163 Nearly throughout U.S. June to Sept. 144 Index 284 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Pteris aquilina (Bracken) Radicula nastur- tium-aquaticum (Water Cress) Radicula palustris (Marsh Cress) Rumex crispus (Curled Dock) CHARACTERISTICS Coarse fern, 2 to 5 ft. tall, wide- spreading Perennial, in brooks and ditches, Ivs. peppery, fls. white Plant erect, 12 to 20 in. tall, Ivs. deep cut, peppery, fls. yellow Perennial, erect, 2 to 3 ft. tall, large wavy Ivs. RANGE Throughout U.S. N.S. to Ga., w. to Ida. and Calif. Over much of N.A. IN SEASON PAGE April to June Spring to autumn Spring and 135 Rumex Patientia (Spinach Dock) Perennial, 2 to 5 ft. tall, Ivs. long, fls. in dense whorls E.U.S., w. to Kans. Spring Salicornia europaea (Saltwort) Annual, jointed, fleshy, 5 to 15 in. high Salt marshes, East and West Spring Salsola kali tenui- folia (Russian Thistle) Herb, branched, Ivs. prickle-tipped; our worst "tumble- weed" Great Plains to Pacific Spring and summer Scirpus validus (Great Bulrush) Upright, in marshes, 3 to 8 ft. tall N e a r 1 y throughout N.A. Spring Sonchus oleraceus (Sow Thistle) Annual, leafy, soft spiny, 2 to 5 ft. tall, fls. yellow, cult, ground Nearly throughout U.S. Spring and summer Stellaria media (Chickweed) Annual, tufted, weak, Ivs. opposite, fls. white Throughout U.S. March to June Taraxacum offici- nale (Dandeli- on) Stemless herb with tufted, toothed Ivs. N e a r 1 y throughout U.S. March to June Thlaspi arvense (Penny Cress) Erect herb, 12 to 15 in. tall, pod flat, mustard flavor Quebec to Minn., s. to N.J. and Kans. April and May 149 Throughout Spring 139 U.S. 139 163 142 196 166 146 159 164 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Ulmus fulva (Slip- pery Elm) Veronica americana (AmericanBrook- Hme) CHARACTERISTICS Common field crop, Ivs. 3, fl. heads pur- pie Tree, rough bark, rough Ivs., inner bark slippery Herbaceous, i to 3 ft. tall, Ivs. clasp- ing, fls. blue, in brooks RANGE Nearly throughout U.S. Que. to N.D., s. to Fla. and Ti-x. Que. to Alas- ka, s. to Pa., Nebr., N.M., and Calif. IN SEASON PAGE Spring 165 Spring 163 Spring 166 and summer Edible Roots and Tubers Allium canadense Onionlike, i ft. high, N.B. to Fla., (Meadow (Jar- umbel bulb-bearing w. to Minn., lie) Colo., and Tex. Spring 176 Allium cernuum (Nodding Wild Onion) Onionlike, scape an- gular, i to 2 ft. high, Ms. pink Amphicarpa mono- Slender vine, 3 leaf- ica (Hog Peanut) lets, pods pea-like, i in. long N.Y. to S.C., w. to S.IX, N . M . and Calif. N.B. to Fla., w. to Man., Nebr., and La. Spring 175 Spring and autumn 189 Apios tuberosa (Groundnut) Arisaema triphyl- lum (Jack-in-the- Pulpit) Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) Callirhoe pedata (Pimple Mallow) Vine, beanlike, roots tuberous, fls. purple Lvs. 2, 3 leaflets each, fls. within spathe, corm pun- gent Stemless herb, 2 Ivs. i fl. purple, root pungent Herb, erect, 1-3 ft. high, fls. purple, root large, starchy N.B. to Fla., w. to Minn., Kans., and Tex. N.S. to Fla., w. to Minn., Kans., and Tex. N.B. to N.C., w. to Man. and Kans. Spring to autumn 187 Spring 172 Spring and summer 181 Nebr. to Ida. Spring 199 Index 286 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Cama^sia esculenta (Wild Hyacinth) Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty) Cyperus esculentus (Chufa) Cyperus rotundus (Nutgrass) Glycyrrhiza lepi- dota (Wild Lico- rice) Helianthus turebo- sus (Jerusalem Artichoke) Ipomoea leptophyl- la (Bush Morn- ing-Glory) Ipomoea pandurata (Wild Potato) Orobanche ludovi- ciana (Broom- rape) Osmorhiza lon- gistylis (Sweet Myrrh) Potentilla Anserina (Silverweed) Psoralea esculenta (Prairie Apple) CHARACTERISTICS Coated bulb, linear lv>., fls. blue on scape i ft. high Root tuberous, 2 lin- ear Ivs., fls. pink on stalk, 6 in. high Sedge, 1-2 ft. high, roots with tuber*. Sedge, i ft. high, roots with tubers, cult, ground Herbaceous, 2-3 ft. high, roots sweet, fls. pea-like, pods prickly Plant 6-8 ft. high, tubers 2 to 3 in. long Herbaceous, up- right, 2-4 ft. high, fls. funnel-form, root enormous A wild morning- glory, root large, fls. white with purple eye Root parasite, fleshy base, no Ivs., stalk purplish, 6 in. high Plant, 2 ft. high, root aromatic, fls. in umbels Root fleshy, plant trailing, 1-3 ft. fls. yellow Plant, erect, from large starchy root, 6-15 in. high, leaf- lets 5, fl. blue RANGE Pa. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Tex. N.S. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.B.toMinn., Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. Va. to Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Hudson Bay to B.C., s. to Mo. and Calif. Ont. to Ga., w. to Man., Kans. and Ark. S . D . and Mont., s. to Tex. Conn, to Mich., and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. 111. to S.D., s. and w. to Tex. and Calif. N.S. to Sask., s. to Ala. and Kans. Greenland to N.J., w. to Alaska and Calif. Man. to Wis. to Tex., w. to Rocky Mts. IN SEASON PAGE Spring 178 Spring 198 Autumn 171 Autumn 171 Spring 199 to autumn Autumn 194 Summer 193 Summer 193 Summer 200 Spring 199 and Spring 199 and summer Summer 186 28 7 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON N \MES CHARACTERISTICS Psoralea hypogaea Similar but smaller, (Small Prairie short stalk, spikes Apple) derive Sagittaria latifolia Root tuberous, Ivs. (Arrowhead) arrow -shaped, in \\au-r, plant 1-3 it. RANGE IN SE\SON PAGE Neb r. to Tex., Summer 187 w. to Mts. Nearly Spring 169 throughout and I .8. and s. summer Can. Smilax pseudo- Vine, high-climbing, china (China spines Uw. beiry Brier) black, foot large Tragopogon por- Flcsh\ taproot, Ivs. rifolius (Salsify) grasslik^, il. scape, 1-2 tt. high, Ms. purple Typha latifolia (Cattail) In ^hallow water, Ivs. ' ^ to i in. wide, spike i in. thick Valeriana edulis Perennial, large (Valerian) root; plant 2-3 ft. high, Us. whitish N.J. to Kans., Spring 198 s. to Fla. and and Tex. summer Northern Spring 200 States and Pacific Coast Throughout Spring 196 U.S. and s. Can. Ont. to Ohio, Summer 194 w. to Coast Beverage and Flavoring Plants Benzoin aestivale (Spicebush) Shrub, 5-1 5 ft. high, Hs. yellow, moist wood, spicy aromatic Me. to Mich., s . to G a . , Tenn., and Kans. Fntire 207 year Betula lenta (Black Forest tree, aro- Me. to w. Entire Birch) matic bark, Ivs. Ont., s. to year ovate, fr. in cat- Del., Tenn., kins and la. 204 Betula lutea (Yel- low Birch) Large forest tree, bark yellowish, less aromatic N f 1 d . to Man., s. to N.J., Va., and 111. Entire year 205 Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch) Tree, bark smooth, white, peeling in layers Nfld. to B.C., s. to Pa. and Great Lakes Summer 205 Index 288 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Cassia occidentalis (Coffee Senna) Ceanothus ameri- canus (New Jer- sey Tea) Geum rivale (Pur- ple Avens) Gymnocladus di- oica (Kentucky Coffee Tree) Mentha canadensis (American Wild Mint) Mentha piperita (Peppermint) Mentha spicata (Spearmint) Nepeta hederacea (Ground Ivy) Picea mariana (Black Spruce) Rhus canadensis (Fragrant Su- mac) Rhus copallina (Dwarf Sumac) Rhus hirta (Stag- horn Sumac) CHARACTERISTICS Plant, 2-4 ft. high, fls. yellow, pods 4 in. long Shrub, 2 ft. high, Ivs. ovate, 3-ribbed, fls. in white clus- ters Herb, 2 ft. high, Ivs. 3 leaflets, fls. nodding, purplish Tree, rough bark, Ivs. compound, pod and seeds large Herb, 1-2 ft. high, Ivs. op.-toothed, aromatic, fls. in whorls Herb, 1-2 ft. high, red stem, Ivs. toothed, aromatic Herb, i-i^ ft. high, Ivs. aromatic, fls. spiked Creeping herb, i ft. long, Ivs. round) fls. blue Tree, 80 ft. high, evergreen, Ivs. 4- sided, cone i l /$ in. long Shrub, spreading, 3 leaflets, aromatic, fr. red, clustered Shrub, or small tree, fr. panicled, red, acid Small tree, twigs woolly, f r. panicled, red, acid IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Va. to Kans., Summer 221 s. to Fla. and and Tex. autumn Me. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. Nfld. to N.J., w. to Alta. and Colo. N.B. to Va., w. to Coast Can. U.S. and n. Vt. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Me. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.S. to S.D., s. to Ga., Ind. and la. Summer 214 Summer 221 N.Y. to S.D., Autumn s. to Tenn. and and Okla. winter Summer 218 Summer 218 Summer 218 N.S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Ark. N.S. to Minn, and Wash., s. to Fla., Tex. and Calif. Nfld. to Spring Minn., s. to to Ga., Kans., autumn and Colo. All year 220 Summer 213 and autumn Summer 213 and autumn Summer 211 and autumn 289 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Rhus trilobata (Squaw Bush) CHARACTERISTICS Shrub, smooth, 2-5 ft. high, fr. in clus- tered spikes, red Sassafras variifo- Tree, twigs green, Hum (Sassafras) bark spicy aro- matic 111. to Tex,, w. to Coast Mass., Mich., la., and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. IN SEASON PAGE Summer 213 and autumn Entire year 205 Triosteum perfoli- Herb, 2 to 3 ft. tall, Mass, to Late 222 atum (Horse Ivs. clasping, fr. or- Nebr., s. to summer Gentian) ange Ala. and Mo. and autumn Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir) Acer Negundo (Box Elder) Acer rubrum (Red Maple) Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) Lygodesmia juncea (Skeleton Weed) Phragmites com- munis (Reed Grass) Sugars and Gums Tree, evergreen, Nfld. to Hud- Ivs. linear, cones son Bay and erect, 2-4 in. long Sask., s. to Mass., Pa., and la. Entire 225 year Tree (maple), Ivs. opposite compound, fr. winged Forest tree, gray bark, Ivs. sharp- lobed, fr. small Large tree, gray bark, Ivs. deep- lobed, fr. large Forest tree, bark dark gray, scaly, lobes of Ivs. long- pointed Perennial, stem stiff, branched, rushlike, 8-16 in. high, hds. few-fld. Coarse grass, 5-12 ft. high, panicle plumelike, swampy ground Me. to Man., s. to Fla. and Mex. N.S. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. N.B. to Fla., w. to S.D. and Okla. Nfld. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex. Wis. and Minn., to Mont., s. to Mo. and N.M. Throughout U.S. and s. Can. Feb. to Apr. Feb. to Apr. Feb. to Apr. Feb. to Apr. 231 230 231 228 Summer 232 Summer 226 Index 290 SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Silphium lacinia- Rough perennial, Ohio to S.D., Summer 232 turn (Compass 6-10 ft. high, Ivs. s. to Ala., Plant) edges vertical, fl. La., and head large Tex. EDIBLE PLANTS of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific States Wild Fruits SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Amelanchier alni- Shrub, 4-7 ft. high, Ont. to Nebr., Summer 38 folia (Northwest- fr. purple, with w. to Br. Col. ern Juneberry) bloom y$ in. in and Cal. tiiain. Arctost a phy 1 os Wide spreading Pacific Coast Summer 90 Manzanita shrubs, bark (Manzanita) smooth, brownish red, fr. red Berberis aquifolium Shrub, 5 ft. high, Rocky Mts. to Autumn 88 (Oregon Grape) spreading, Ivs. Coast evergreen, fr. daik blue, clustered Berberis haemato- Shrub, evergreen, N.M. "and Summer 89 carpa (Red- 5-10 ft. high, leaf- Ariz. Fruited Bar- lets 5, fr. blood-red berry) Celtis reticulata Tree, 20-40 ft. high, Colo, to w. Autumn 5 (Western Hack- Ivs. small, unequal Tex., w. to berry) at base, fr. brown Calif. Cereus giganteus Our largest cactus, Arizona Autumn 89 (Giant Cactus) columnar or with i or 2 br., 5 to 35 ft. high, fr. red Condalia obovata Spiny shrub or Tex. and Summer 53 (Purple Haw) small tree, Ivs. Mexico leathery, fr. black, 54 in. in diam. Crataegus rivularis Shrub or small tree, Rocky Mtn. Autumn 40 (Western Black spines l /2 in. long, States Hawthorn) fr. nearly black 2QI Index 292 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Fragaria califor- nica (California Strawberry) Fragaria vesca (Wood Straw- berry) Gaultheria shallon (Western Win- tergreen) Juniperus occiden- tals (California Juniper) Lonicera involu- crata (Twin- berry) Opuntia basilaris (Prickly Pear) Opuntia ficus-indica (Indian Fig) Opuntia megacan- tha (Indian Fig) Opuntia polyacan- tha (Tuna) Photinia arbutifolia (Christmas Berry) Physalis ixocarpa (Tomatillo) CHARACTERISTICS Plant with scape 3- 6 in. high, leaflets 3, fr. red, seeds in shallow pits Stemless herb, leaf- lets 3, fr. red, seeds on surface Slender shrub, 2-6 ft. high, fr. in ra- cemes, black Tree, 15-40 ft. high, spreading, Ivs. in threes, f r. bluish, resinous Shrub, upright, 2- 8 ft. high, fls. yel- low, berries black, not always edible A low spreading cactus, 5-10 in. high, joints flat, spines few or ab- sent Treelike cactus, 10- 15 ft. high, cylin- drical trunk, joints flattened, fr. purple, pulp red Often treelike, 4 to 12 ft. high, similar to last, sp. fr. 3 to 5 in. long, yellow Prostrate, spread- ing cactus, flat, jointed, fls. yellow, fr. i in. long Shrub or small tree, Ivs. evergreen, fr. bright red, l /s in. across Annual, erect branching 10 to 30 in. high, fr. purple, large (^ in.) RANGE Calif. N.B. to N.J., w. to Ore. B.C. to Calif. IN SEASON PAGE Summer 22 Summer 21 Summer 90 and autumn Pacific Coast Autumn 88 Calif, to Wash. Summer 90 and autumn Southwestern U.S. Autumn 62 and winter Southwestern U.S. Southwestern U.S. Autumn 64 and winter Autumn 64 and winter Rocky Mts. Autumn 62 Calif. N.Y. to Tex. and Calif. Autumn 89 and winter Summer 80 and autumn 293 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Prunus melano- carpa (Rocky Mountain Cherry) Prunus subcordata (Sierra Plum) Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry) Pyrua diversifolia (Oregon Crab Apple) Rhamnus crocea (Redberry) Ribes aureum (Golden Cur- rant) Ribes vulgare (Red Garden Currant) Rubus Chamaemo- rus (Baked-Ap- ple Berry) Rubus leucodermis (Western Rasp- berry) Rubus parviflorus (Salmonberry) Rubus strigosus (Wild Red Rasp- berry) CHARACTERISTICS Small tree, similar to Choke Cherry, f r. dark brown, ^3 in. in diam. Shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, branched, fr. red, */4 to i in. long Shrub or sm. tree, fr. in racemes, red or brown, J/J in. in diam. Small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, f r. */ 2 to y 4 in. in diam. purplish A buckthorn, 2 to 3 ft. high to a small tree, Ivs. stiff, ever- green, fr. red Tall, spineless shrub, fls. yellow, spicy, fr. black Shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, fr. smooth, red, juicy Low, 4 to 12 in. high, br. 2- to 3- leaved, fr. yellow, in bogs Shrubby, prickly, leaflets 3 to 7, petals white, fr. red or black Shrub, unarmed, Ivs. 5-lobed, fls. white, fr. red Shrubby, upright, prickles weak or bristly, fr. red RANGE Rocky Mts., Can. to N.M. Calif, and Ore. Can. to Gulf, Atlantic to Pacific Alaska to Calif. Calif. Minn, Tex., w. Pacific to to IN SEASON PAGE Autumn 51 Summer 44 and autumn Autumn 49 Autumn 34 and winter Summer 52 and autumn Summer 16 Summer 14 Summer 27 E. U.S. also Ore. and Wash. ' Me. and N.H., n. to ArcticAmer., w. to B.C. and Alaska Pacific states Summer 27 Mich, to Minn., w. to Alaska and Calif., s. to Colo, and Utah Nfld. to N.C., w. to B.C., 9. to N.M. Summer 24 Summer 24 Index 294 SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON WAMFS CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Samb'jcus glauca (Blue-Berried Elder) Tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, fr. nearly J4 in. in diam., blue- blark Utah to Cal- i f . , n . to Mont, and Wash. Autumn 3 Shepherdia argen- tea (Buffalo Ber- ry) Shrub, slightly thorny, 5 to is ft. high, Ivs. silvery, fr. scai let, acid Minn, and Man., s. and w. to Kans., N.M., Calif., and Ida. Summer and autumn 64 Viburnum Opulus (Cranberry Tree) Shrub, 8 ft. high, fr. clustered, bright red, sour Nfld. to B.C., s. to N.J., la., and Ore. Autumn to winter 84 Viburnum pauciflo- rum (Pirnbina) Spreading shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, fr. light red, clustered Nfld. to B.C., s. to N.J., la., and Ore. Autumn 85 Vitis arizonica (Arizona Grape) Weak trailing vine, Ivs. small, berries small, black Tex. to Ariz. Autumn 59 Washingtonia fili- fera (California Fan Palm) Palm tree, 20 to 70 ft. high, Ivs. fan- shaped, fr. small Around Colo. Desert and Calif. Summer and autumn 88 Yucca baccata Low, almost stem- Southwestern Summer 2 (Spanish Bayo- net) less, Ivs. stiff, point- ed, fr. pulpy, 4 in. long U.S. Yucca macrocarpa (Broad-Leaved Similar, Ivs. broad- er, stern 5 to 12 ft. Southwestern U.S. Summer 3 Yucca) high, fr. 4 in. long Castanopsis chryso- phylla (Giant Chinquapin) Castanopsis sem- pervirens (Bush Chinquapin) Edible Nuts Tree, thick rough N. Calif. Summer no bark, Ivs. evergreen, and margins entire, nut autumn l /t in. long Shrub, evergreen, i W. mts. Summer no to 8 ft. high, Ivs. and yellowish, burs large autumn 295 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Corylus rostrata (Beaked Hazel- nut) CHARACTERISTICS Shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, nut in tubular husk RANGE N.S. tO B.C., s . to G a . , Tenn., Kans., and Ore. IN SEASON PAGE August to Oct. 106 Juglans californica (California Wal- nut) Tree, spreading, broader than high, nut channeled Juglans kindsii Tree, 30 to 60 ft. (Walnut) high, trunk un- branched, nut near- ly smooth Pinus contorta (Scrub Pine) Pinus edulis (Rocky Mt. Nut Pine) Pinus monophylla (One-Leaved Nut Pine) Pinus quadrifolia (Parry Pine) Pinus sabiniana (Digger Pine) Tree, up to 35 ft. high, spreading, bark rough, needles in twos, cone i^4 in. long Small tree, 30 ft. high, spreading Ivs. in twos., iJ4 iJ 2 in. long, cone 2 in. long Tree, 15-30 ft. high, spreading, Ivs. i, cone 3 in. in diam., seed 34 in. long Tree, 15-30 ft. high, spreading Ivs. in fours, \\\ in. long, seed } '] in. long Tree, 50-80 ft. high, Ivs. in threes, 7- 12 in. long, cone large 8-12 in. long Quercus lobata Large tree, spread- ( Western White ing, bark gray, Oak) checked, acorns 2 in. long Canons and Autumn 96 foothills, Cal. Central Cal- Autumn 96 if. Alaska to Autumn 93 Calif. near Coast Colo., s. and Autumn 91 w. to Mexico Utah, JVev., Summer 92 Ariz., and and Calif. autumn S. Calif. Autumn 93 Foothills Autumn 93 around cen- tral valley of Calif. W. U.S. Autumn in Index 296 Edible Seeds and Seed Pods SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Amaranthus blito- ides (Prostrate Amaranth) Amaranthus hy- brid u s (Red Amaranth) Avena fatua (Wild Oat) Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) Elymus condensa- tus (Rye Grass) Elymus triticoides (Wild Wheat) Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) Linum Lewisii (Blue Flax) Madia sativa (Chile Tarweed) Medicago lupulina (Black Medic) Nymphaea polyse- pala (Indian Pond Lily) Oryzopsis hymeno- ides (Indian Mil- let) CHARACTERISTICS Annual weed, spreading, seeds, small, black Annual weed, 4 ft. high, root red, seed small black shining Grass, 2 to 3 ft. tall, similar to common oats Annual, 2 to 5 ft. fls. yellow, pod l /* in. long Tufted grass, 3-6 ft. tall, spike 6-12 in. long Grass, culms smooth, 24 ft. tall, spike 4-8 in. long Annual, 3-6 ft. tall, rough, fl. heads 3-6 in. broad Perennial, slender, 1-2 ft. high, Ivs. linear, crowded, fls. blue Annual, erect, ro- bust, 1-4 ft. high, ill-scented, fls. yel- low Cloverlike, spread- ing, fls. yellow, pod twisted Plant, aquatic, pistil i, compound, fls. yellow Grass, tufted, 1-2 ft. tall, panicle, 3-6 in. long RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Me. to N.J., Summer 129 w. to Pacific and autumn Over most of N.A. Wis. and 111., w. to Coast U.S. Can. and s. Minn, to Colo. and N.M., w. to Pacific Minn, to Colo. s. and w. to Pacific Minn, to Tex., w. to Coast Wis. to Tex., w. to Alaska and Calif. Pacific Coast Over most of U.S. Alaska to Calif, and Col. la. to Tex., w. to Wash, and Calif. Summer 129 and autumn Summer 128 Summer 116 and autumn Autumn 128 Summer 128 and autumn Autumn 127 Summer 130 and autumn Summer 130 and autumn Summer 129 and autumn Summer 116 and autumn Summer 128 and autumn 297 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS IN SEASON PAGB Phaseolus acutifo- Twining vine, slen- W. Tex. to Summer 122 lius (Tepary der, pods 3 in. long, Ariz. Bean) somewhat flattened Phaseolus retusus Vine, perennial, Southwestern Summer 130 (Prairie Bean) root large, pods l /2 U.S. and in. wide autumn Prosopis glandulosa Shrub or sm. tree, W. Kans., to Autumn 118 (Mesquite) armed with spines, Nev., s. to Ivs. compound, pods Tex., N.M., beanlike, 4-8 in. Ariz., and long Calif. and winter Prunus ilicifolia Shrub, evergreen, Calif, and Summer 129 (Islay) 5-12 ft. high, fr. Ariz. and purplish, y$ in. in autumn diam., seed large Salvia columbariae Herb, 6-15 in. high, Calif, and Summer 125 (Chia) annual, fls. in northern whorls Mexico Sisymbrium canes- Annual, Ivs. finely W. States Summer 118 cens (Western dissected, pods *4- and Hedge Mustard) l /z in. long autumn Sisymbrium offici- Annual, fls. small Widely dis- Summer 118 nale (Hedge yellow, pods l /z in. tributed Mustard) long Strombocarpa pu- Shrub or small tree, Tex. to Calif. Autumn 119 bescens (Screw spreading, leaflets Bean) about 6 pairs, pod twisted, i l / 2 in. long Salad Plants and Potherbs Agave parryi (Cen- Roots bulbous, Ivs. tury Plant) fleshy, with spines on margin, panicle large Southwestern U.S. Amaranthus hy- Annual, 4 ft. high, Can. to trop- bridus (Slender roots red, seeds ics Pigweed) black Spring and Spring and 163 163 Index 298 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Amaranthus Pal- meri (Palmer's Amaranth) Amaranthus retro- flex us (Green Amaranth) Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimper- nel) CHARACTERISTICS Annual, erect, stout, 2-4 ft. high, spikes dense Annual, stout, 3-6 ft. high, roots red, seeds black Herb, low spread- ing, Ivs. opposite, fl. scarlet, 5-lobed Arctium minus Biennial, Ivs. large, (Common Bur- purple fls. forming dock) burs Barbarea vulgaris (Winter Cress) Capsella Bursa- pastoris (Shep- herd's-Purse) Chenopodium al- bum (Lamb's Quarter) Tufted erect, Ivs. smooth, fls. yellow, 1-2 ft. high Annual, fls. white, i ft. high, Ivs. mostly basal, peppery Weed, annual, 2-6 ft. high, branched, fls. small greenish Cichorium Intybus Perennial, 1-4 ft. (Chicory) tall, Ivs. chiefly basal, fls. blue Epilobium angusti- folium (Fire- weed) Eriogonum in- flatum (Desert Trumpet) Impatiens biflora (Spotted Touch- Me-Not) Lactuca scariola (Prickly Lettuce) Perennial herb, 2-5 ft. tall, Ivs. entire, fls. purple Herbaceous, 1-3 ft. high, branched, nodes much inflated Annual, succulent, 3 ft. high, Ivs. oval, pale beneath, fls. orange, spotted Weed, 2-5 ft. tall, weak prickles on stem and Ivs. RANGE Mo. to Kans. and Tex. west U.S. gener- ally Nfld. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex., also Calif. Over much of U.S., less common West Lab. to Va., w. to Coast IN SEASON PAGE Spring 163 and summer Spring 143 and Spring 166 Spring 166 Spring 151 World-wide Spring 164 Over N.A. and Europe N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Kans., also Pac. states Can. s. to Va., Kans. and Calif. Calif. Colo. N.M. j. to and N.S. to Wash., s. to Fla., Kans. and Ore. Spring 140 and summer Spring 158 Spring 166 Spring 164 Spring 167 Atlantic Pacific to Spring 161 299 Index SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Malva rotundifolia (Low Mallow) CHARACTERISTICS Biennial, low, spreading on gr., Ivs. round, fls. white RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Atlantic to Spring 165 Pacific Mesembryanthe- mum crystalli- num (Ice Plant) Herb, succulent, fleshy, covered with shiny air sacs Calif. Coast Spring and summer 164 Mesembryanthe- mum edule (Hot- tentot Fig) Herb, succulent, fleshy, Ivs. curved Calif. Coast sand dunes Winter and spring 164 Montia perfoliata (Miner's Lettuce) Herb, stem, Ivs. forming cup, fls. white in raceme B.C. to Ida., s. to Calif, and Ariz. Spring and summer H5 Oxyria digyna (Mountain Sor- rel) Alpine herb, 4-10 in. high, stems sim- ple, fls. greenish Arctic re- gions, s. to N . E . and Spring and summer 140 western mts. Peltiphyllum pelta- tum (Indian Rhubarb) Herb, large, fleshy, 1-4 ft. high, Ivs. round, 1-2 ft. broad, petioles 2-3 ft. long Mts. Calif, and Ore. Spring to autumn 153 Plantago major (Common Plan- tain) Polygonum Persi- caria (Lady's Thumb) Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) Pteris aquilina (Bracken) Radicula nastur- tium-aquaticum (Water Cress) Radicula palustris (Marsh Cress) Rumex crispus 'Curled Dock) Weed, Ivs. entire, basal, fls. in a spike Annual, 10-20 in. high, fls. pink in ra- ceme Annual weed of cult, grounds, pros- trate, fleshy Coarse fern, 2-5 ft. tall, wide-spreading Annual, in brooks and ditches, Ivs. peppery, fls. white Plant, erect, 10-20 in. tall, Ivs. deep- cut, peppery, fls. yel- low Perennial, erect, 2- 3 ft. tall, large wavy Ivs. Atlantic to Spring 166 Pacific Throughout Summer 163 U.S. N e a r 1 y Summer 144 throughout U.S. Throughout Spring 135 U.S. N.S. to Ga., Nearly 148 w. to Ida. and Calif. through year Over much Spring 149 of N.A. Throughout Spring 139 U.S. Index 300 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Rumex hymenosep- alus (Canaigre) Salicornia ambigua (Glasswort) CHARACTERISTICS A dock, 1-2 ft. high, stout, roots, tuber- ous, panicle 6-12 in. long Stems succulent, 5- 12 in. long, jointed, in salt marshes Salicornia europaea Annual, jointed, (Saltwort) fleshy, 5-15 in. high IN RANGE SEASON PAGE Texas to Spring 164 Calif. Atlantic and Spring 164 Pacific Coasts East and West and summer Spring 163 and Salsola kali tenui- folia (Russian Thistle) Sarcobatus vermi- culatus (Grease- wood) Scirpus valid us (Great Bulrush) Sonchus oleraceus (Sow Thistle) Stellaria media (Chickweed) Taraxacum offici- nale (Dandelion) Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Urtica gracilis (Slender Nettle) Veronica americana (American Brooklime) Herb, branched, Ivs. prickle-tipped, our worst "tumble- weed." Shrub, 3 105 ft. high, bark white, Ivs. fleshy Upright in marshes, 3 to 8 ft. tall Annual, leafy, soft spiny, 2 to 5 ft. tall, fls. yellow, cult, ground Annual, tufted, weak, Ivs. opposite, fls. white Stemless herb with tufted toothed Ivs. Common field crop, Ivs. 3, fl. head pur- pie Herbaceous, slen- der, 2 to 7 ft. high, plant with stinging hairs Herbaceous, i to 3 ft. tall, Ivs. clasping, fls. blue, in brooks Gt. Plains to Spring 142 Pacific and summer Rocky Mts. to Spring 142 Pacific Nearly throughout N.A. N e a r 1 y throughout U.S. Throughout U.S. N e a r 1 y throughout U.S. Nearly throughout U.S. N f 1 d . to Minn., s. to N.C.andMo., w. to Coast Que. to Alas- ka, s. to Pa., Nebr., N.M. and Calif. Spring 162 Spring 166 and summer Spring 146 and Spring 159 Spring 165 Spring 138 and Spring 166 and summer 301 Index Edible Roots and Tubers SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Abronia latifolia (Seacoast Abro- nia) Agave utahensis (Utah Aloe) Allium validum (Swamp Onion) Balsamorhiza hoo- keri (Hooker's Balsam Root) Balsamorhiza sagit- tata (Balsam Root) Brodiaea capitata (Wild Hyacinth) Brodiaea gr and i flo- ra (Harvest Bro- diaea) Cakile edentula (American Sea Rocket) Callirhoe pedata (Pimple Mallow) Calochortus Nuttal- Hi (Sego Lily) Carum gairdneri (Ipoor Yampa) CHARACTERISTICS Stems i to 2 ft. long, prostrate, fls. yel- low, taproots fleshy A "century plant," Ivs. evergreen, bas- al, fleshy, trunk un- derground, fl. stem 6 ft. high Stem flattened, i to 3 ft. high, bulb ob- long, fls. pink Herbaceous root, large Ivs. deep-cut, fl. head 2 in. across Herbaceous, x to 2 ft. high, from thick roots, rays yellow Bulb onionlike, Ivs. grasslike, fls. blue, lilylike Bulb onionlike, fl. scape, 8 to 20 in. high, fls. blue in um- bel Annual, 6 to 12 in. high, root large, stem fleshy, on sea- shore Herb, erect, i to 3 ft. high, fls. purple, root large, starchy Stem 6 to 1 8 in. high from corm, i in. in diam., Ivs. grasslike, fl. 2 l / 2 in. in diam. Stalk i to 3 ft. high, roots tuberous, fls. white in umbels RANGE IN SEASON PAGE Coast, Wash. Spring 198 to Calif. Utah, Ariz., Spring 198 N e v . , and Calif. Wash, to Cal- if. Wash, to Utah and Calif. Mont, to Wash., s. to Colo, and Calif. Calif. Wash: to Calif. Spring 176 and summer Summer 200 Summer 200 Spring 197 and summer Spring 197 and summer Calif. Coast, Spring 198 also Nfld. to Fla. Nebr. to Ida. Summer 199 Mont, to Spring 177 N.M., w. to (chiefly) Calif., and Ore. B.C. to Calif., Spring 191 e. to Wyo., and Colo., and summer N.M. Index 302 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Chlorogalum pome- ridianum (Amo- le) Cirsium edule (In- dian Thistle) Cirsium foliosum (Elk Thistle) Cymopterus monta- nus (Gamote) Glycyrrhiza lepido- ta (Wild Lico- rice) Hedysarum Mac- kenzii (Licorice Root) Lewisia rediviva (Bitterroot) Lomatium farino- sum (Biscuit- root) Lomatium geyeri (Biscuitroot) Oenanthe sarmen- tosa (Water Pars- ley) Orobanche ludovi- ciana (Broom- rape) Potentilla Anseri- na (Silverweed) CHARACTERISTICS Plants 3 to 9 ft. high, from bulb 3 to 4 in. long, panicle large, fr. lilylike Plant 3 to 6 ft. high, prickly, fls. purple to white Plant i to 2 ft. high, from fleshy root, lepfy, prickly, fl. 2 in. high Plant 12 to 15 in. high, from fleshy root, fls. yellow in umbels Herb, i to 3 ft. high, from long, thick sweet edible roots, fls. yellow Stems 12 to 30 in. high, roots fleshy, sweet, leaflets n to 19, fls. purple Low herb, root thick and fleshy, Ivs. fleshy, fl. white Plant parsniplike with fleshy, starchy root or roots Plant similar to the last, fls. in umbels Aquatic, in slow streams, thick root, stem 2 to 4 ft. high Root parasite, fleshy base, no Ivs., stalk purplish, 6 in. high Root fleshy, plant trailing, i to 3 ft. long, fls. yellow RANGE Calif. IN SEASON PAGE Calif, Wash. to Wash, to Wyo. and n. Southwestern U.S. and N.M. Hudson Bay to B.C., s. to Mo. and Calif. Central Can. to Alaska Mont., Wyo., Utah, w. to Coast E. Wash, and Ida. N. Ida. and c. Wash. B.C. to Calif. 111. to S.D., s. and w. to Tex. and Calif. Greenland to N.J., w. to Alaska and Calif. Spring and Spring and summer Spring and Spring and summer 197 Spring and summer 200 Summer 199 Summer 199 182 Spring 190 and summer Spring 190 and summer Spring 200 and summer Spring 200 and Spring 199 and summer 3<>3 Index SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Quamasia qua- Stems i to 2 ft. Mont, and Spring 179 mash (Camass) high from coated Utah, w. to and bulb, fls. blue, lily- B.C. and summer like Calif. Sagittaria latifolia Root tuberous, Ivs. N e a r 1 y Early 169 (Arrowhead) arrow-shaped, in throughout spilng water, plant i to 3 U.S. and s. and summer ft. high Can. Solanum fendleri Perennial, roots N . M . and Summer 200 (Wild Potato) with tubers, plant Ariz, in mis. and potato-like, fls. pur- autumn plish Solanum Jamesii Perennial, similar N.M. and Summer 200 (Wild Potato) to la^t but with Ariz. n. to and white rK. Colo, and autumn Utah Tragopogon porri- Fleshy taproot, Ivs. N. states and Spring 200 folius (Salsify) grasslike, n". scape Pacific Coast i to 2 ft. high, fls. purple Typha latifolia In shaUow water, Throughout Spring 196 (Cattail) Ivs. ] > to i in. wide, U.S. and s. spike i in. thick Can. Valeriana edulis Percniii.il, large Ont. to Ohio, Spring 194 (Valerian) root, plant 2 to 3 ft. w. to Coast to high, fls. whitish fall Beverage and Flavoring Plants Croton corymbulo- Perennial herb, Ivs. W. Tex. to Spring 221 sus (Chaparral entire gray both Ariz. and Tea) surfaces summer Ephedra sp. (Des- Shrubs, slender Southwestern All year 221 ert Tea) jointed stems, Ivs. U.S. scaielike Mentha canadensis Herb i to 2 ft. high, N.B. to Va., Spring 218 (American Wild Ivs. opposite- w. to Coast to Mint) toothed, aromatic, autumn fls. in whorls Index SCIENTIFIC AND IN COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE Mentha spicata (Spearmint) Herb, i to i l / 2 ft. high, Ivs. aromatic, fls. spiked N.S. to Minn, and Wash., s. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. Summer 218 and autumn Micromeria cha- missonis (Yerba Buena) Perennial, trailing evergreen, i to 2 ft. long, Ms. white Pacific states Ever- 222 green all year Pellaea ornithopus (Bird's-Foot Fern) Plants 8 to 15 in. high, evergreen, stalks wiry, dark brown Calif. Ever- 220 green all year Pseudotsuga taxi- folia (Douglas Spruce) Large tree, bark thick, soft, Ivs. J/ to i 1 /^ in. long, cone 2 to 3 in. long, bract- ed Calif, to Alaska Entire 220 year Rhus integrifolia (Lemonade Ber- ry) Shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high, Ivs. entire ev- ergreen, fr. red S. Calif. Summer 214 and autumn Rhus trilobata (Squawbush) Shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, branched, leaflets 3, elliptic, entire, fr. red 111. to Tex., w. to Coast Summer 213 and autumn Sugars and Gums Phragmites com- munis (Reed Grass) Coarse grass, 5 to 12 ft. high, panicle plumelike, swampy ground Throughout U.S. and s. Can. Summer 226 and autumn Pinus lambertiana (Sugar Pine) Large tree, brown bark, needles in fives, cone 15 in. long Mts., Calif, and Ore. Entire 225 year Rhus ovata (Sugar- bush) Shrub, 2 to 10 ft. high, Ivs. entire, shining, fr. red S. Calif. Summer 231 and autumn GENERAL INDEX Synonyms in Italics Abbott, Dr. Charles C., 79 Abies balsamea, 225 Abronia, Seacoast, 198 Abronia arenaria, 198 Abronia latifolia, 198 Acer Negundo, 231 Acer nigrum, 230 Acer rubrum, 230 Acer saccharinum, 231 Acer saccharum, 228 Acorus Calamus, 173 Adam's Needle, 3 Adder's-Tongue, Yellow, 197 Agastache Foeniculum, 223 Agave parryi, 163 Agave utahensis, 198 Ague Tree, 205 Alder, Black, 222 Allegheny Sloe, 46 Alligator Pear, 210 Allium canadense, 176 Allium cernuum, 175 Allium tricoccum, 176 Allium validuni, 176 Allium vineale, 176 Allspice, Wild, 207 Aloe, Utah, 198 Alpine Sorrel, 140 Alsine media, 146 Amaranth, Green, 143 Amaranth, Palmer's, 163 Amaranth, Prostrate, 129 Amaranth, Red, 129 Amaranth, Spleen, 163 Amaranthus blitoides, 129 Amaranthus hybridus, 129, 163 Amaranthus Palmeri, 163 Amaranthus retroflexus, 143 Amelanchier alnifolia, 38 Amelanchier Bartramiana, 39 Amelanchier canadensis, 37 Amelanchier intermedia, 39 American Barberry, 13 American Beech, 107 American Brooklime, 166 American Chestnut, 108 American Coffee Bean, 210 American Cowslip, 146 American Crab Apple, 33 American Cranberry, 74 American Elder, 82 American Lotus, 115 American Mountain Ash, 89 American Nelumbo, 115 American Papaw, 9 American Red Currant, 15 American Sea Rocket, 198 American Water Cress, 152 American Wayfaring Tree, ^4 American Wild Mint, 218 American Yew, i Amole, 197 Amphicarpa uinnoica, 189 Amphicarpa Pitcheri, 190 Anagallis arvensis, 166 Anemonclla thalictroides, 198 Annona glabra, n Annona muricata, n Annona squamosa, iz Apios Apios, 187 Apios tuberosa, 187 Appalachian Tea, 86, 222 Apple, Common, 35 Apple, Custard, 9 Apple, Earth, 194 Apple, May, 13 Apple, Pond, n Apple, Prairie, 186 Apple, Sugar, n Apple, Thorn, 39 Arctium Lappa, 166 Arctium minus, 166 Arctostaphylos Manzanita, 90 Arctostaphylos patula, 90 305 Index Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, 90 Argentina Anserina, 199 Arisaema triphyllum, 172 Arizona Mesquite, 118 Armoracia Armor acia, 149 Arrow Arum, Green, 196 Arrowhead, 169 Arrowleaf, 169 Arrowroot, Florida, 196 Artichoke, Jerusalem, 194 Arurn, Water, 196 Arundinaria gigantea, 129 Arundinaria macros perma, 129 Asarabacca, 181 Asarum canadense, 181 Asdepias Cornuti, 155 Asclepias syriaca, 155 Aaclepias tuberosa, 157 Ash-Leaved Maple, 231 Asimina triloba, 9 Asparagus, 162 Asparagus ofKcinalis, 162 Astragalus caryocarpus, 123 Astragalus mexicanus, 124 Atriplex sp., 129 Avena fatua, 128 Avena sativa, 128 Avens, Purple or Water, 221 Avocado, 210 Azalea, 154 Azalea nudi flora, 154 Bacon, Lord, 148 Bailey, Dr. L. H., 80 Baked-Apple Berry, 27 Balm, Bee, 222 Balm, Garden or Lemon, 222 Balsam Fir, 225 Balsam Root, 200 Balsam Root, Hooker's, 200 Balsamorhiza hookeri, 200 Balsamorhiza sagittata, 200 Banana, False, 9 Baptisia tinctoria, 165 Barbarea Barbarea, 151 Barbarea praecox, 150 Barbarea verna, 150 Barbarea vulgaris, 151 Barberry, American, 12 Barberry, European, n Barberry, Red-Fruited, 89 306 Barton, B. S., 166 Bartram, John, 198 Basket Oak, 112 Bay, Red, 209 Bay, Sweet, 209, 221 Bayonet, Spanish, 2 Beach PI urn, 44 Beaked Hazelnut, 106 Bean, Black-Eyed, 130 Bean, China, 130 Bean, Prairie, 130 Bean, Screw, 119 Bean, Tepary, 122 Bean, Wild, 122, 187 Bean Vine, 122 Beans, Water, 115 Bear Grass, 3 Bear Oak, 112 Bearberry, 90 Bee Balm, 222 Beech, American, 107 Belle Isle Cress, 150 Bellwort, Pcrfoliate, 162 Benjamin Bush, 207 Benzoin aestivale, 207 Benzoin Benzoin, 207 Berberis aquifolium, 88 Berberis canadensis, 12 Berberis haematocarpa, 89 Berberis vulgaris, n Bergamot, Wild, 222 Berry, Baked-Apple, 27 Berry, Blackcap, 25 Berry, Buffalo, 64 Berry, Christmas, 89 Berry, Rabbit, 64 Betula lenta, 204 Betula lutea, 205 Betula papyrifera, 205 Beverage and Flavoring Plants, 203 Big-Bud Hickory, 102 Big Shellbark Hickory, 101 Bilsted, 227 Birch, Black, Cherry, or Sweet, 204 Birch, Canoe or Paper, 205 Birch, Yellow, 205 Bird Cherry, 50 Bird's-Foot Cliff Brake, 220 Bird's-Foot Fern, 220 Biscuit, Indian, 190 Biscuit root, 190 30? Bitter Cress, Pennsylvania, 152 Bitter Dock, 139 Bitter-Nut Hickory, 104 Bitterroot, 182 Black Alder, 222 Black Birch, 204 Black Currant, 16 Black Drink, Indian, 215 Black Gum, 89 Black Haw, 86 Black Huckleberry, 68 Black Locust, 120 Black Medic, 129 Black Mulberry, 9 Black Mustard, 116 Black Persimmon, 79 Black Raspberry, 25 Black Spruce, 220 Black Sugar Maple, 230 Black Walnut, 94 Black Wild Cherry, 48 Blackberry, Creeping, 30 Blackberry, High-Bush, 28 Blackberry, Mountain, 28 Blackberry, Running, 30 Blackberry, Tall, 29 Blackcap, 25 Black-Eyed Bean, 130 Blanchan, Neltje, 77 Blistered Rock Tripe, 133 Blue-Berried Elder, 83 Blue Dicks, 197 Blue Flax, no Blue Grape, 56 Blue Huckleberry, 73 Blue-Sailors, 158 Blue Tangle, 69 Blue Violet, 165 Blueberry, Dwarf or Sugar, 72 Blueberry, Early Sweet, 72 Blueberry, High-Bush, 71 Blueberry, Late Low, 73 Blueberry, Low-Bush, 72 Blueberry, Swamp, 71 Bluewood, 53 Bog Potato, 187 Boner, John Henry, 58 Box Elder, 231 Boxberry, 67 Boxthorn, 80 Bracken, 135 Index Brake, 135 Brake, Bird's-Foot Cliff, 220 Brassica alba, 118 Brassica nigra, 116 Breadroot, Indian, 186 Bristly Gooseberry, 20 Bristly Greenbrier, 198 Broad-Leaved Cattail, 196 Broad-Leaved Dock, 139 Broad-Leaved Yucca, 3 Brodiaea capitata, 197 Brodiaea grandiflora, 197 Brooklime, American, 166 Broom Hickory, 103 Broomcorn, Wild, 227 Broomrape, 200 Bryant, William Cullen, 79 Buckthorn, Alder, 52 Buckthorn, Carolina, 51 Buckthorn, Southern, 52 Buckthorn family, 51 Buffalo Berry, 64 Buffalo Currant, 16 Buffalo Pea, 123 Buffalo Pea, Larger, 124 Bullace Grape, 57 Bullnut, 102 Bulrush, Great American, 162, 196 Bumelia lycioides, 52 Bunchberry, 89 Burdock, Common, 166 Burdock, Great, 166 Burnet, Garden, 164 Burnet, Salad, 164 Burroughs, John, 82, 185 Bush Chinquapin, no Bush Morning-Glory, 193 Butler, Dr. William, 20 Butterfly Weed, 157 Butternut, 96 Cabbage Palm, 136 Cabbage Tree, 136 Cactus, 6 1 Cactus, Giant, 89 Cactus family, 61 Cakile edentula, 198 Calamus Root, 173 California Fan Palm, 88 California Holly, 89 California Juniper, 88 Index California Plum, 44 California Strawberry, 22 California Walnut, 96 California Wild Rose, 40 Calla, Wild, 196 Calla palustris, 196 Callirhoe pedata, 199 Calochortus Nuttallii, 177 Caltha palustris, 146 Camass, Eastern, 178 Camass, Western, 179 Camassia esculenta, 178 Camote, 200 Canada Lily, 197 Canada Plum, 42 Canadian Buffalo Berry, 66 Canaigre, 164 Cane, Large, 129 Canebrakes, 129 Capsella Bursa-Pastoris, 164 Cardamine penn^ylvanica, 152 Cardamine pratensis, 152 Cardamine rotundifolia, 152 Carduus edulis, 200 Carica Papaya, n Carolina Buckthorn, 51 Carolina Lycium, 80 Carolina Vanilla, 223 Carrageen Moss, 132 Carrion Flower, 88 Carum gairdneri, 191 Carya alba, 102 Carya cordiformis, 104 Carya glabra, 103 Carya illinoensis, 98 Carya laciniosa, 101 Carya microcarpa, 104 Carya ovata, 99 Cassena, 215 Cassia occidentalis, 221 Castanea dentata, 108 Castanea nana, no Castanea pumila, no Castanopsis chrysophylla, no Castanopsis sempervirens, no Catlin, George, 41, 58, 65, 187 Cattail, Broad-Leaved, 196 Cattail, Narrow-Leaved, 196 Ceanothus americanus, 214 Celtis crassifolia, 5 Celtis mississippiensis, 5 3 o8 Celtis occidentalis, 3 Celtis reticulata, 5 Century Plant, 163 Ceratonia siliqua, 122 Cereus giganteus, 89 Cetraria Islandica, 132 Chamacncrion angusti folium, 166 Chamaepericlymenum canadense t 89 Chaparral Tea, 221 Chapman, John (Johnny Apple- seed), 36 Checkerberry, 67 Cheeses, 165 Chenopodium album, 140 Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, 141 Chenopodium Frernontii, 129 Chenopodium leptophyllum, 129 Chenopodium urbicum, 141 Cherry, Bird, 50 Cherry, Black Wild, 48 Cherry, Choke, 49 Cherry, Dwarf, 51 Cherry, Ground, 79 Cherry, Indian, 51 Cherry, Mountain, 45 Cherry, Pin, 50 Cherry, Rocky Mountain, 51 Cherry, Rum, 48 Cherry, Sand, 51 Cherry, Sour, 48 Cherry, Sweet, 46 Cherry, Western Sand, 51 Chestnut, American or Sweet, 108 Chestnut Oak, 112 Chia, 125 Chickasaw Plum, 45 Chicken Grape, 56 Chickweed, Common, 146 Chicory, 158 Chicot, 210 Chile Tarweed, 130 China Bean, 130 China Brier, 198 Chinquapin, no Chinquapin, Bush, no Chinquapin, Giant, no Chinquapin, Water, 115 Chinquapin Oak, 112 Chiogenes hispidula, 76 Chlorogalum pomeridianum, 197 3<>9 Choate, Isaac Bassett, 81 Chocolate Root, 221 Choke Cherry, 49 Choke Pear, 31 Chondrus crispus, 132 Christmas Berry, 89 Chufa, 171 Cichorium Intybus, 158 Cirsium edule, 200 Cirsium foliosum, 200 Cladonia rangiferina, 162 Claytonia caroliniana, 198 Claytonia perfoliata, 145 Claytonia virginica, 198 Cloudberry, 27 Clover, Red, 165 Cluster Lily, 197 Clute, Willard N., 227 Cochlearia Armoracia, 149 Coco Grass, 171 Coffee, Wild, 222 Coffee Bean, American, 210 Coffee Senna, 221 Coffee Tree, Kentucky, 210 Coffeevieed, 221 Commelina communis, 162 Common Chickweed, 146 Common Milkweed, 155 Common Sunflower, 127 Compass Plant, 232 Comptonia peregrina, 221 Condalia obovata, 53 Coontie, 196 Cooper, Walter, 108 Corn Salad, 157 Corn Salad, Beaked, 157 Corn Salad, Goosefoot, 157 Cornel, Dwarf, 89 Cornus canadensis, 89 Corylus americana, 105 Corylus rostrata, 106 Coville, Dr. Frederick V., 62, 72, 143, 144, 227 Cow Oak, 112 Cowas, 190 Cowberry, 70 Cowpea, 130 Cowslip, American, 146 Crab Apple, American, 33 Crab Apple, Narrow-Leaved, 32 Crab Apple, Oregon, 34 Index Crab Apple, Siberian, 34 Crab Apple, Western, 34 Crab Apple, Wild, 32 Cranberry, American, 74 Cranberry, European, 76 Cranberry, High-Bush, 84 Cranberry, Large, 74 Cranberry, Low-Bush, 70 Cranberry, Mountain or Rock, 70 Cranberry, Small, 76 Cranberry Tree, 84 Crataegus aestivalis, 40 Crataegus mollis, 40 Crataegus rivularis, 40 Creeping Blackberry, 30 Creeping Snowberry, 76 Cress, American Water, 152 Cress, Belle Isle, 150 Cress, Marsh, 149 Cress, Meadow, 152 Cress, Pennsylvania Bitter, 153 Cress, Penny, 164 Cress, Round-Leaved Water, 152 Cress, True Water, 148 Cress, Winter, 150, 151 Crinkle-Root, 183 Croton corymbulosus, 221 Cuckoo Flower, 152 Cucumber Root, Indian, 180 Curled Dock,, 139 Currant, American Red, 15 Currant, Buffalo, 16 Currant, Fetid, 15 Currant, Garden, 14 Currant, Golden, 16 Currant, Missouri, 16 Currant, Skunk, 15 Currant, Swamp Red, 15 Currant, Wild Black, 16 Currant Tree, 39 Custard Apple, 9 Cut-Leaved Toothwort, 183 Cymopterus montanus, 200 Cyperus esculentus, 171 Cyperus rotundus, 171 Dagger, Spanish, 2 Dahoon Holly, 216 Dandelion, 159 Dangleberry, 69 Dankers, Jasper, 54 Index Darling Plum, 53 Darning Needle, Eve's, 3 Dasylirion, 163 Date Plum, 77 Dayflower, 162 Dentaria diphylla, 184 Dentaria laciniata, 183 Deer Grass, 165 Deerberry, 71 Desert Tea, 221 Desert Trumpet, 164 De Smet, Father, 190 Devil's Tongue, 63 Dewberry, Northern, 30 Dewberry, Southern, 30 Digger Pine, 93 Diospyros Kaki, 79 Diospyros texana, 79 Diospyros virginiana, 77 Dock, Bitter, 139 Dock, Broad-Leaved, 139 Dock, Curled or Yellow, 139 Dock, Patience, 139 Dock, Pie, 164 Dock, Sour, 164 Dock, Spinach, 139 Dogtooth Violet, 197 Double-Claw, 125 Douglas Fir, 220 Douglas Spruce, 220 , Downy Grape, 56 Dwarf Blueberry, 72 Dwarf Cherry, 51 Dwarf Cornel, 89 Dwarf Raspberry, 27 Eagle Fern, 135 Early Sweet Blueberry, 73 Earth Almond, 171 Earth Apple, 194 Eastern Camass, 178 Eastern Prickly Pear, 61 Eastern Wild Gooseberry, 20 Edible Nuts, 91 Edible Roots and Tubers, 169 Edible Seeds and Seed Pods, 113 Edible Valerian, 194 Edible Wild Fruits, i Elaeagnus argentea, 66 Elder, American or Sweet, 82 Elder, Red-Berried, 83 310 Elder, Blue-Berried, 83 Elk Thistle, 200 Elm, Slippery or Red, 163 Elymus condensatus, 128 Elymus triticoides, 128 Emerson, George B., 89, 163 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 30, 158 Encinilla, 221 English Walnut, 96 Ephedra sp., 221 Epilobium angustifolium, 166 Eriocoma cuspidata, 128 Eriogonum inflatum, 164 Erythronium americanum, 197 European Cranberry, 76 European Gooseberry, 20 European Mountain Ash, 89 European Wood Strawberry, 21 Eve's Darning Needle, 3 Evening Primrose, 199 Fagus amcricana, 107 Fagus ferruginea, 107 Fagus grandifolia, 107 Falcata comosa, 189 Falcata Pit chert, 190 False Banana, 9 False Paraguay Tea, 86 False Solomon's-Seal, 88 False Spikenard, 88 Fawn Lily, 197 Fern, Bird's-Foot, 220 Fern, Eagle, 135 Fern, Ostrich, 167 Fern, Sensitive, 136 Fern, Sweet, 221 Fern, Tea, 220 Fetid Currant, 15 Fetticus, 157 Feverwort, 222 Field Garlic, 176 Field Mint, 223 Field Salad, 157 Field Sorrel, 165 Fig, Hottentot, 164 Fig, Indian, 61 Filbert, 105 Fir, Balsam, 225 Fir, Douglas, 220 Fir Tree, 225 Fireweed, 166 Index Fishback, Margaret, 74 Flag, Sweet, 173 Flax, Blue or Wild, 130 Florida Arrowroot, 196 Four-Leaved Pine, 93 Fox Grape, Northern, 53 Fox Grape, Southern, 57 Fragaria californica, 22 Fragaria canadensis, 20 Fragaria vesca, 21 Fragaria virginiana, 20 Fragrant Sumac, 213 Franklin, Sir John, 134 Freeman, Dr. George F., 123 Fremont, John C., 192 Frost, Robert, 71, 72, 226 Frost Grape, 56 Fruits, Wild Edible, i Gale, Sweet, 221 Gamote, 200 Garden Balm, 222 Garden Currant, 14 Garden Gooseberry, 20 Garlic, Field, 176 Garlic, Meadow, 176 Gaultheria procumbens, 67 Gaultheria shallon, 90 Gaylussacia baccata, 68 Gaylussacia frondosa, 69 Gaylussacia resinosa, 68 Gentian, Horse, 222 Geoprumnon crassicarpum, 123 Geoprumnon mexicanum, 124 German Rampion, 199 Geum rivale, 221 Giant Cactus, 89 Giant Chinquapin, no Gibson, William Hamilton, 155 Gill-over-the-Ground, 222 Gilmore, Melvin Randolph, 64, 130, 232 Ginger, Wild, 181 Glasswort, 163 Glecoma hederacea, 222 Gleditsia triacanthos, 121 Glycine Apios, 187 Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 199 Golden Club, 197 Golden Currant, 16 Goldenrod, 219 Goldsmith, Oliver, 138 Good-King-Henry, 141 Goose Tansy, 199 Gooseberry, Bristly, 20 Gooseberry, Eastern Wild, 2O Gooseberry, European, 20 Gooseberry, Garden, 20 Gooseberry, Missouri, 19 Gooseberry, Northern, 19 Gooseberry, Prickly, 17 Gooseberry, Slender, 19 Gooseberry, Smooth, 19 Gooseberry, Smooth-Fruited, 19 Gooseberry, Wild, 17 Goosefoot, 129 Goosefoot, Upright or City, 141 Grape, Blue or Winter, 56 Grape, Chicken, 56 Grape, Frost, 56 Grape, Muscadine, 57 Grape, Mustang, 58 Grape, Northern Fox, 53 Grape, Oregon, 88 Grape, Pigeon, 55 Grape, Riverside, 56 Grape, Sand or Sugar, 56 Grape, Southern Fox or Bullace, 57 Grape, Summer, 55 Grape, Sweet-Scented, 56 Grape, Wild,,55 Grape, Winter or Downy, 56 Grass, Coco, 171 Grass, Nut, 171 Grassnut, 197 Gray, Dr. Asa, 14, 188 Greasewood, 142 Great Nettle, 138 Green Amaranth, 143 Greenbrier, Bristly, 198 Greenbrier, Long-Stalked, 198 Greene, Prof. E. L., 118 Grossularia Cynosbati, 17 Grossularia missouriensis, 19 Grossularia oxyacanthoides, 19 Grossularia reclinata, 20 Grossularia rotundifolia, 20 Grossularia setosa, 20 Ground Cherry, Common, 79 Ground Cherry, Mexican, 80 Ground Hemlock, i Ground Ivy, 222 Index Ground Plum, Larger, 124 Ground Plum, Smaller, 123 Groundnut, 187 Gum, Black or Sour, 89 Gum, Red or Sweet, 227 Gums, 225 Gymnocladus dioica, 210 Hackberry, 3 Hackberry, Rough-Leaved, 5 Hackberry, Southern, 5 Hackberry, Thick-Leaved, 5 Hackberry, Western, 5 Hall, Dr. Harvey M., 22, 27, 39, 90, 176, 197, 213 Hare's Lettuce, 166 Harvest Brodiaea, 197 Haw, Black, 86 Haw, May, 40 Haw, Purple, 53 Haw, Red, 39 Hawthorn, 39 Hazelnut, Beaked, 106 Hazelnut, Common, 105 Heartweed, 163 Hedge Mustard, 118 Hedysarum boreale, 199 Hedysarum Mackenzii, 199 Helianthus annuus, 127 Helianthus laetiflorus,. 195 Helianthus tuberosus, 194 Hemlock, 220 Hemlock, Ground, i Hemlock Spruce, 221 Hickory, Big-Bud, 102 Hickory, Big Shellbark, 101 Hickory, Bitter-Nut, 104 Hickory, Broom, 103 Hickory, Bullnut, 102 Hickory, King-Nut, 101 Hickory, Mocker-Nut, 102 Hickory, Pignut, 103 Hickory, Shellbark or Shagbark, 99 Hickory, Small-Fruited, 104 Hickory, White-Heart, 102 Hicoria alba, 102 Hicoria glabra, 103 Hicoria laciniosa, 101 Hicoria ovata, 99 Hicoria Pecan, 98 High-Bush Blackberry, 28, 29 312 High-Bush Blueberry, 71 High-Bush Cranberry, 84 Hobblebush, 84 Hog Peanut, 189 Holly, California, 89 Holly, Dahoon, 216 Honey Locust, 121 Honey Shucks, 121 Honeypod, 118 Honeysuckle, 90 Hookera coronaria, 197 Horehound, 222 Horse Gentian, 222 Horse Plum, 42 Horse-Radish, 149 Horsemint, 223 Horseweed, 161 Hottentot Fig, 164 Hough, Romeyn B., 10, 104, 229 Huckleberry, Black, 68 Huckleberry, Blue, 71 Huckleberry, Squaw, 71 Hyacinth, Wild, 178, 197 Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, 166 Hydrophyllum virginianum, 166 Hyssop, 222 Hyssop, Fragrant Giant, 223 Hyssopus officinalis, 222 Ice Plant, 164 Iceland Moss, 132 Ilex Cassine, 216 Ilex glabra, 222 Ilex paraguayensis, 215 Ilex verticillata, 222 Ilex vomitoria, 215 Ill-Scented Sumac, 213 Impatiens biflora, 167 Indian Biscuit, 190 Indian Black Drink, 215 Indian Breadroot, 186 Indian Cherry, 51 Indian Cucumber Root, 18* Indian Fig, 61 Indian Lettuce, 145 Indian Millet, 128 Indian Pond Lily, 116 Indian Rhubarb, 153 Indian Rice, 113 Indian Salad, 166 Indian Thistle, 200 Indian Turnip, 122 Indigo, Wild, 165 Inkberry, 142 Ipo, 191 Ipomoea Jalapa, 194 Ipomoea leptophylla, 193 Ipomoea pandurata, 193 Irish Moss, 132 Ironwood, Red, 53 Isabella Wood, 209 Islay, 129 Ivory Plum, 76 Ivy, Ground, 222 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 172 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 54 Jacob's Ladder, 88 Japanese Persimmon, 79 Jepson, Dr. Willis Lynn, 64, 231 Jerusalem Artichoke, 194 Jewel Weed, 167 Johnny-Jump-Up, 165 Juglans californica, 96 Juglans cinerea, 96 Juglans kindsii, 96 Juglans nigra, 94 Juglans regia, 96 Juglans rupestris, 96 Juneberry, Common, 37 Juneberry, Northwestern, 38 Juneberry, Oblong-Fruited, 39 Juniper, California, 88 Juniperus occidentalis, 88 Katniss, 170 Keeler, Harriet L., 10 Keerless, 163 Kentucky Coffee Tree, 210 Kephart, Horace, 163, 164, 166 King Nut, 101 Labrador Tea, 216 Lactuca canadensis, 161 Lactuca scariola, 161 Lactuca virosa, 161 Lady's Thumb, 163 Lamb's Lettuce, 157 Lamb's Quarter, 140 Laportea canadensis, 138 Large Cane, 129 Large Cranberry, 74 Index Large Rye Grass, 128 Large Tupelo, 90 Late Low Blueberry, 73 Laurel, 209 Laurel family, 209 Laurel Magnolia, 221 Laurus nobilis, 209 Ledum groenlandicum, 216 Leek, Wild, 176 Lemon, Wild, 13 Lemonade Berry, 214 Lemonade Tree, 211 Leontodon Taraxicum, 159 Lepargyraea argentea, 64 Lepidium virginicum, 164 Lettuce, 161 Lettuce, Hare's, 166 Lettuce, Indian, 145 Lettuce, Lamb's, 157 Lettuce, Miners', 145 Lettuce, Mountain, 153 Lettuce, Prickly, 161 Lettuce Saxifrage, 153 Lettuce, Spanish, 145 Lettuce, Wild or Tall, 161 Lewis, Captain Meriwether, 17, 170, 182 Lewis and Clark's Journals, n, 17, 20, 39, 128, 170, 190, 195 Lewisia rediviva, 182 Licorice, Wild*, 199 Licorice Root, 199 Lilium canadense, 197 Lilium superbum, 197 Lily, Canada, 197 Lily, Cluster, 197 Lily, Fawn, 197 Lily, Sego or Mariposa, 177 Lily, Turk's-Cap, 197 Lily, Wild Yellow or Canada, 197 Linum Lewisii, 130 Liquidambar Styraciflua, 227 Locust, Black or Yellow, 120 Locust, Honey, 121 Lomatium farinosum, 190 Lomatium geyeri, 190 Longfellow, Henry W., 115 Long-Stalked Greenbrier, 198 Lonicera involucrata, 90 Lotus, American, 115 Low-Bush Blueberry, 72 Inde* Low-Bush Cranberry, 70 Low Sweet Blueberry, 72 Lupine, Wild, 129 Lupinus perennis, 129 Lycium, Carolina, So Lycium carolinianum, 80 Lygodesmia juncea, 232 Madia sativa, 130 Magnolia, Laurel, 221 Magnolia virginiana, 221 Mallow, High, 165 Mallow, Pimple, 199 Mallow, Round-Leaved, 165 Mallow, Whorled or Curled, 165 Mains glance scens, 33 Mains ioensis, 34 Mains Mains, 35 Malva rotundifolia, 165 Malva sylvestris, 165 Malva verticillata, 165 Man-of-the-Earth, 193 Mandrake, 13 Manzanita, 90 Maple, Ash-Leaved, 231 Maple, Black Sugar, 230 Maple, Red, 230 Maple, Rock, 228 Maple, Silver, 231 Maple, Sugar, 228 Maple, Swamp, 230 ' Maple, White or Soft, 231 Marigold, Marsh, 146 Mariposa Lily, 177 Marjoram, 222 Marquette, Father, 176 Marrubium vulgare, 222 Marsh Cress, 149 Marsh Marigold, 146 Martynia louisiana, 125 Mate, 215 Matteuccia Strnthiopteris, 167 May Apple, 13 May Haw, 40 Maypops, 59 Mazzard, 46 Meadow Beauty, 165 Meadow Cress, 152 Meadow Garlic, 176 Mecha-meck (Indian), 193 Medeola virginiana, 180 3H Medicago lupulina, 129 Melissa officinalis, 222 Mentha arvensis, 223 Mentha canadensis, 218 Mentha longifolia, 223 Mentha piperita, 218 Mentha spicata, 218 Mercury, 144 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, 164 Mesembryanthemum edule, 164 Mesquite, Arizona, 118 Mexican Ground Cherry, 80 Mexican Persimmon, 79 Michaux, Andre, 208 Micranthes micranthidifolia, 153 Micromeria chamissonis, 222 Milkweed, Common, 155 Millet, Wild or Indian, 188 Milton, John, 131 Miner's Lettuce, 145 Mint, Common, 218 Mint, Field, 223 Mint, Wild, 218 Mint family, 218 Missouri Currant, 16 Missouri Gooseberry, 19 Mitchella repens, 81 Mockernut, 102 Monarda didyma, 222 Monarda fistulosa, 222 Montia perfoliata, 145 Morning-Glory, Bush, 193 Morning-Glory, Wild, 193 Morning-Glory family, 193 Morus alba, 8 Morus microphylla, 9 Morus nigra, 9 Morus rubra, 6 Moss, Iceland, 132 Moss, Irish or Carrageen, 132 Moss, Reindeer, 162 Mountain Ash, 89 Mountain Blackberry, 28 Mountain Cherry, 45 Mountain Cranberry, 70 Mountain Lettuce, 153 Mountain Sorrel, 140 Mountain Sumac, 213 Mountain Tea, 67 Muir, John, 60, 93 315 Mulberry, Black, 9 Mulberry, Red, 6 Mulberry, Small, 9 Mulberry, White, 8 Muloch, D. M., 7 Muscadine Grape, 57 Muscadinia rotundifolla, 57 Mushrooms, 233 Mustang Grape, 58 Mustard, Black, 116 Mustard, Hedge, 118 Mustard, White, 118 Mustard family, 116 Myrica asplenifolia, 221 Myrica Gale, 221 Myrrh, Sweet, 199 Nannyberry, 85 Narrow-Leaved Cattail, 196 Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple, 32 Narrow-Leaved Dock, 139 Needle, Adam's, 3 Nelumbo lutea, 115 Nepeta hederacea, 222 Nettle, Slender, 138 Nettle, Stinging, 138 Nettle, Wood, 138 New Jersey Tea, 214 Nodding Wild Onion, 175 Nonesuch, 129 Northern Fox Grape, 53 Northern Gooseberry, 19 Northwestern Juneberry, 38 Nut, Hickory, 99 Nut, King, 101 Nut, Oil, 96 Nut, Pecan, 98 Nut Grass, 171 Nut Pine, One-Leaved, 92 Nut Pine, Rocky Mountain, 91 Nuts, Edible, 90 Nymphaea polysepala, 116 Nyssa aquatica, 90 Nyssa multiflora, 89 Nyssa sylvatica, 89 Nyssa uniflora, 90 Oak, Bear or Scrub, 112 Oak, Chestnut or Yellow, 112 Oak, Chinquapin, 112 Oak, Cow or Basket, 112 Index Oak, Rock Chestnut, 112 Oak, Swamp White, 112 Oak, Western White, in Oak, W T hite, in Oat, Wild, 128, 162 Oats, Cultivated, 128 Oats, Water, 113 Oblong-Fruited Juneberry, 39 Odostemon aquifoiturn, 88 Odostemon haematocarpus, 89 Oenanthe sarmentosa, 200 Oenothera biennis, 199 Oil Nut, 96 One-Leaved Nut Pine, 92 Onion, Nodding Wild, 175 Onion, Swamp, 176 Onoclea sensibilis, 136 Onoclea Struthiopteris, 167 Opuntia hasilaris, 62 Opuntia ficus-indica, 64 Opuntia humifusa, 63 Opuntia megacantha, 64 Opuntia Opuntia, 61 Opuntia polyacantha, 62 Opuntia Rafinesquii, 63 Opuntia vulgaris, 61 Oregon Crab Apple, 34 Oregon Grape, 88 Oregon Sunflower, 200 Origanum vulgare, 222 Ornithogalum umbellatum, 197 Orobanche ludoviciana, 200 Orontium aquaticum, 197 Oryza sativa, 113 Oryzopsis hymenoides, 128 Osmorhiza longistylis, 199 Ostrich Fern, 167 Oswego Tea, 222 Oxalis Acetosella, 165 Oxalis violacea, 165 Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 74 Oxycoccus Oxycoccos, 76 Oxyria digyna, 140 Oyster Plant, Purple, 200 Oyster Plant, Yellow, 200 Pacific Plum, 44 Palm, Cabbage, 136 Palm, California Fan, 88 Palmer, Dr. T. S., 88, 227 Palmer's Amaranth, 163 Index Palmetto, 136 Papaw, 9 Papaya, n Paper Birch, 205 Paraguay Tea, 215 Parish, Dr. S. B., 64 Parkman, Francis, 163 Parry Pine, 93 Parsley, Water, 200 Partridge Vine, 81 Partridgeberry, 67, 81 Passiflora incarnata, 59 Passiflora lutea, 60 Passion Flower, 59 Passion Vine, 59 Patience Dock, 139 Pea, Buffalo, 123 Pea, Wild, 129 Peanut, Hog, 189 Peanut, Wild, 189 Pear, Choke, 31 Pear, Prickly, 61 Pecan Nut, 98 Pellaea ornithopus, 220 Peltandra virginica, 196 Peltiphyllum peltatum, 153 Pennsylvania Bitter Cress, 153 Penny Cress, 164 Peppergrass, 164 Pepperidge, 89 Peppermint, 218 Pepper Root, 183 Persea Borbonia, 209 Persea gratissima, 210 Persicaria Persicaria, 163 Persimmon, Black or Mexican, 79 Persimmon, Common, 77 Persimmon, Japanese, 79 Peucedanum sp., 190 Phaseolus acutifolius, 122 Phaseolus polystachyus, 122 Phaseolus retusus, 130 Photinia arbutifolia, 89 Phragmites communis, 226 Phragmites Phragmites, 226 Physalis ixocarpa, 80 Physalis pubescens, 79 Phytolacca am eric ana, 142 Phytolacca decandra, 142 Picea mariana, 220 Picea rubra, 220 Pickle Plant, 163 Pickles, 164 Pie Dock, 164 Pigeon Grape, 55 Pigeonberry, 142 Pignut Hickory, 103 Pigweed, 143 Pigweed, Slender, 163 Pilotweed, 232 Pimbina, 84 Pimpernel, Scarlet, 166 Pimple Mallow, 199 Pin Cherry, 50 Pine, Digger, 93 Pine, Four-Leaved, 93 Pine, One-Leaved Nut, 92 Pine, Parry, 93 Pine, Rocky Mountain Nut, 91 Pine, Scrub, 93 Pine, Spruce, 220 Pine, Sugar, 225 Pine, White, 226 Pinole, 126 Pinon, 91 Pinus contorta, 93 Pinus edulis, 91 Pinus lambertiana, 225 Pinus monophylla, 92 Pinus quadrifolia, 93 Pinus sabiniana, 93 Pinus Strobus, 226 Pinxter Flower, 154 Plantago major, 166 Plantain, Common, 166 Plum, Beach, 44 Plum, California, 44 Plum, Canada, 42 Plum, Chickat>aw, 45 Plum, Darling, 53 Plum, Date, 77 Plum, Ground, 123 Plum, Horse, 42 Plum, Ivory, 76 Plum, Pacific, 44 Plum, Porter's, 46 Plum, Red or Yellow, 40 Plum, Sand, 46 Plum, Sierra, 44 Plum, Wild, 40 Plum, Wild Goose, 43 Plum Grape, 53 317 Podophyllum peltatum, 13 Pokeweed, 142 Polygonatum biflorum, 162 Polygonum Persicaria, 163 Pom me Blanche, 66, 186 Pond Apple, n Pond Lily, Indian, 116 Poor Man's Weatherglass, 166 Porcher, Francis Peyre, 165 Porter's Plum, 46 Portulaca oleracea, 144 Potato, Bog, 187 Potato, Prairie, 186 Potato, Tule, 170 Potato, Wild, 200 Potato Vine, Wild, 193 Potentilla Anserina, 199 Poteriurn, 164 Potherbs, 131 Powell, E. P., 85 Prairie Apple, 186 Prairie Bean, 130 Prickly Gooseberry, 17 Prickly Lettuce, 161 Prickly Pear, Eastern, 61 Prickly Pear, Western, 63 Prickly Pear Cactus, 61 Primrose, Evening, 199 Prince's Feather, 129 Proboscidea louisiana, 125 Prosopis glandulosa, 118 Prosopis pubescens, 119 Prosopis velutina, 118 Prostrate Amaranth, 129 Prunus alleghaniensis, 46 Prunus americana, 40 Prunus angustifolia, 45 Prunus Avium, 46 Prunus Besseyi, 51 Prunus Cerasus, 48 Prunus hortulana, 43 Prunus ilicifolia, 129 Prunus maritima, 44 Prunus melanocarpa, 51 Prunus Munsoniana, 43 Prunus nigra, 42 Prunus pennsylvanica, 50 Prunus pumila, 51 Prunus serotina, 48 Prunus subcordata, 44 Prunus virginiana, 49 Index Prunus Watsoni, 46 Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 220 Psoralea esculenta, 186 Psoralea hypogaea, 187 Pteridium aquilinum, 135 Pteris aquilina, 135 Puffballs, 234 Purple Avens, 221 Purple Haw, 53 Purple-Flowering Raspberry, 23 Purple Raspberry, 26 Purslane, 144 Purslane, Winter, 146 Purslane family, 144 Pus ley, 144 Pyrus angustifolia, 32 Pyrus baccata, 34 Pyrus communis, 31 Pyrus coronaria, 33 Pyrus diversifolia, 34 Pyrus ioensis, 34 Pyrus Malus, 35 Pyrus rivularis, 34 Quamasia hyacinihina, 178 Quamasia quamash, 179 Quercus acuminata t 112 Quercus alba, in Quercus bicolor, 112 Quercus ilicifolia, 112 Quercus lobata, in Quercus Michauxii, 112 Quercus Muhlenbergii, 112 Quercus nan a, 112 Quercus platanoides, 112 Quercus prinoides, 112 Quercus prinus, 112 Rabbit Berry, 64 Radicula Armoracia, 149 Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum, 148 Radicula palustris, 149 Raspberry, Black, 25 Raspberry, Dwarf, 27 Raspberry, Purple, 26 Raspberry, Purple-Flowering, 23 Raspberry, Virginia, 23 Raspberry, Western, 27 Raspberry, White-Flowering, 24 Raspberry, Wild Red, 24 Red Amaranth, 129 Index Red Bay, 209 Red-Berried Elder, 83 Red Clover, 165 Red-Fruited Barberry, 89 Red Gum, 227 Red Haw, 39 Red Ironwood, 53 Red Maple, 230 Red Mulberry, 6 Red Plum, 40 Red Raspberry, 24 Red Spruce, 220 Redberry, 52 Redroot, 143, 214 Reed, 226 Reed Grass, Common, 226 Reindeer Moss, 162 Reynosia latifolia, 53 Rhamnus caroliniana, 51 Rhamnus cathartica, 52 Rhamnus crocea, 52 Rhamnus Frangula, 52 Rhexia virginica, 165 Rhododendron nudiflorum, 154 Rhubarb, Indian, 153 Rhubarb, Wild, 164 Rhus aromatica, 213 Rhus canadensis, 213 Rhus copallina, 213 Rhus glabra, 213 Rhus hirta, 211 Rhus integrifolia, 214 Rhus ovata, 231 Rhus trilobata, 213 Rhus typhina, 211 Ribes americanurn, 16 Ribes aureum, 16 Ribes Cynosbati, 17 Ribes floridum, 16 Ribes glandulosum, 15 Ribes gracile, 19 Ribes Grossularia, 20 Ribes nigrum, 16 Ribes odoratum, 16 Ribes oxyacanthoides, 19 Ribes prostratum, 15 Ribes rotundifolium, 20 Ribes setosum, 20 Ribes triste, 15 Ribes vulgare, 14 Rice, Indian or Wild, 113 Riley, James Whitcomb, 10, 13, 42, 56, 88 Riverside Grape, 56 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 120 Rock Chestnut Oak, 112 Rock Cranberry, 70 Rock Maple, 228 Rock Oak, 112 Rock Tripe, 133 Rocket, American Sea, 198 Rocket, Yellow, 151 Rocky Mountain Cherry, 51 Rocky Mountain Nut Pine, 91 Rogers, Julia E., 19, 93, 97, in, 207 Roots and Tubers, Edible, 169 Rosa californica, 40 Rosa rubiginosa, 89 Rossetti, Christina, 35 Rough-Leaved Hackberry, 5 Round-Leaved Water Cress, 152 Rowan Tree, 89 Rowe, A. L., 109 Rubus allcgheniensis, 28 Rubus amcricanus, 27 Rubus argutus, 29 Rubus canadensis, 30 Rubus Chamaernorus, 27 Rubus leucoderrnis, 27 Rubus neglectus, 26 Rubus niyrobaccus, 28 Rubus occidentalis, 25 Rubus odoratus, 23 Rubus parviflorus, 24 Rubus procumbens, 30 Rubus strigosus, 24 Rubus trifiorus, 27 Rubus trivialis, 30 Rubus villosus, 29 Rue-anernone, 198 Rum Cherry, 48 Rumex Acetosella, 165 Rumex crispus, 139 Rumex hymenosepalus, 164 Rumex obtusifolius, 139 Rumex Patientia, 139 Running Blackberry, 30 Rusby, Henry H., 3 Russian Thistle, 142 Rye Grass, Large, 128 319 Sabal Palmetto, 136 Sage, Chia, 125 Sage, White, 127 Sagittaria latifolia, 169 Sagittarla variabilis, 169 St. John's Bread, 122 Salad, Corn, 157 Salad Burnet, 164 Salad Plants, 131 Salicornia ambigua, 164 Salicornia europaea, 163 Salmonberry, 24 Salsify, Purple, 200 Salsify, Yellow, 200 Salsola kali tenuifolia, 142 Saltbush, 129 Saltwort, 163 Salvia apiana, 127 Salvia columbariae, 125 Sambucus canadensis, 82 Sambucus glauca, 83 Sambucus racemosa, 83 Sand Cherry, 51 Sand Grape, 56 Sand Grass, 128 Sand Plum, 46 Sanguisorba minor, 164 Sarcobatus vermiculatus, 142 Sargent, Dr. Charles Sprague, 50 Sassafras, 205 Sassafras Sassajras, 205 Sassafras variifolium, 205 Satureja hortensis, 222 Saunders, Dr. Charles F., 3, 180, 197, 220 Saunders, William, 195 Saxifraga micranthidifolia, 153 Saxifraga peltata, 153 Saxifrage, Lettuce, 153 Scarlet Pimpernel, 166 Scarlet Strawbeiry, 20 Schmaltzia crenata, 213 Schmaltzia trilobata, 213 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 73, 114, 230 Scientific American, 166 Scirpus validus, 162, 196 Scoke, 142 Scollard, Clinton, 206 Scott, Sir Walter, 138 Screw Bean, 119 Index Scrub Chestnut Oak, 112 Scrub Oak, 112 Scrub Pine, 93 Scurvy Grass, 150 Sea Fig, 164 Sea Rocket, American, 198 Seacoast Abronia, 198 Seeds, Edible, 113 Sego Lily, 177 Senna, Coffee, 221 Sensitive Fern, 136 Serviceberry, Common, 37 Serviceberry, Northwestern, 38 Serviceberry, Oblong-Fruited, 39 Seton, Ernest Thompson, 135 Shadbush, 37 Shagbark Hickory, 99 Shellbark Hickory, 99 Shepherdia argentea, 64 Shepherdia canadensis, 66 Shepherd's-Purse, 164 Shucks, Honey, 121 Siberian Crab Apple, 34 Sierra Plum, 44 Silkweed, 15^ Silphium laciniatum, 232 Silver Maple, 231 Silverberry, 66 Silverleaf, 64 Silverweed, 1^9 Sinapis nigra, 116 Sisymbrium canescens, 118 Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum, 148 Sisymbrium officinale, 118 Skeleton Weed, 232 Skunk Cabbage, 137 Skunk Currant, 15 Slender Gooseberry, 19 Slender Nettle, 138 Slender Pigweed, 163 Slippery Elm, 163 Sloe, Allegheny, 46 Small Cranberry, 76 Small-Fruited Hickory, 104 Small Mulberry, 9 Smilacina racemosa, 88 Smilax Bona-nox, 198 Smilax herbacea, 88 Smilax pseudo-china, 198 Index Smith, Captain John, 59, 196 Smith, Colonel James, 75 Smooth-Fruited Gooseberry, 19 Smooth Gooseberry, 19, 20 Smooth or Scarlet Sumac, 213 Snowberry, Creeping, 76 Soap Plant, 197 Soft Maple, 231 Solanum fendleri, 200 Solanum Jamesii, 200 Solanum tuberosum borealc, 200 Solidago odora, 219 Solomon's-Seal, False, 88 Solomon's-Seal, True, 162 Sonchus oleraceus, 166 Sorbus americana, 89 Sorbus Aucuparia, 89 Sorbus scopulina, 89 Sorrel, 165 Sorrel, Alpine, 140 Sorrel, Mountain, 140 Sour Cherry, 48 Sour Dock, 164 Sour Gum, 89 Soursop, ii Southern Dewberry, 30 Southern Fox Grape, 57 Southern Hackberry, 5 Sow Thistle, 166 Spanish Bayonet, 2 . Spanish Dagger, 2 Spanish Lettuce, 145 Spathyema foetida, 137 Spatlum (Indian), 182 Spearmint, 218 Spicebush, 207 Spinach, Dock, 139 Spinach, Wild, 140, 141 Spleen Amaranth, 163 Spotted Touch-Me-Not, 167 Spring Beauty, 198 Sprowl, Monroe, 26 Spruce, Black, 220 Spruce, Douglas, 220 Spruce, Red, 220 Spruce Pine, 220 Squaw Huckleberry, 71 Squaw Grass, 128 Squawbush, 213 Squawroot, 191 Squills, 178 320 Stagbush, 86 Staghorn Sumac, 21 z Stanton, Frank L., 57 Star-of-Bethlehem, 197 Star Tulip, 177 Stellaria media, 146 Stinging Nettle, 138 Strawberry, California, 22 Strawberry, Scarlet, 20 Strawberry, Virginia, 20 Strawberry, Wild, 20 Strawberry, Wood, 21 Strawberry Tomato, 79 Strombocarpa pubescens, 119 Sturtevant, Dr. Edward L., 194 Succory, 158 Sudworth, Dr. George B., 104 Sugar Apple, n Sugar Blueberry, 72 Sugar Grape, 56 Sugar Maple, 228 Sugar Maple, Black, 230 Sugar Pear, 39 Sugar Pine, 225 Sugar Tree, 228 Sugarberry, 3 Sugarbush, 231 Sugar and Gums, 225 Sumac, Dwarf or Mountain, 213 Sumac, Fragrant, 213 Sumac, Ill-Scented, 213 Sumac, Smooth or Scarlet, 213 Sumac, Staghorn, 211 Summer Grape, 55 Summer Savory, 222 Sunflower, Common, 127 Sunflower, Oregon, 200 Sunflower, Showy, 195 Suwarro, 89 Swamp Blueberry, 71 Swamp Maple, 230 Swamp Onion, 176 Swamp Red Currant, 15 Swamp Sugar Pear, 39 Swamp White Oak, 112 Sweet, Frank H., 77 Sweet Bay, 209, 221 Sweet Birch, 204 Sweet Cherry, 46 Sweet Chestnut, 108 Sweet Cicely, Smooth, 199 321 Sweet Elder, 82 Sweet Fern, 221 Sweet Flag, 173 Sweet Gale, 221 Sweet Goldenrod, 219 Sweet Gum, 227 Sweet Myrrh, 199 Sweet-Scented Grape, 56 Sweet-Scented Sumac, 213 Sweet Viburnum, 85 Sweet Winter Grape, 56 Sweetbrier, 89 Sweetsop, n Symplocarpus foetidus, 137 Syndcsmon thalictroides, 198 Tall Blackberry, 29 Tall Lettuce, 161 Tangleberry, 69 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 159 Taraxacum oificinale, 159 Tarwced, Chile, 130 Taw-kee (Indian), 197 Taxus canadensis, i Tea, Appalachian, 86, 222 Tea, Chaparral, 221 Tea, Desert, 221 Tea, False Paraguay, 86 Tea, Fern, 220 Tea, Labrador, 216 Tea, Mountain, 67 Tea, New Jersey, 214 Tea, Oswego, 222 Tea, Paraguay, 215 Tea, Teamsters', 221 Teaberry, 67 Teamsters' Tea, 221 Tepary Bean, 122 Texas Walnut, 96 Thick-Leaved Hackberry, 5 Thimbleberry, 24, 25, 29 Thistle, Elk, 200 Thistle, Indian, 200 Thistle, Russian, 142 Thistle, Sow, 166 Thlaspi arvense, 164 Thoreau, Henry D., 35, 70, 77, 205 Thorn Apple, 40 Thyme, Wild, 223 Thymus Serpyllum, 223 Tinker's Weed, 222 Index Tipsin (Indian), 186 Tomatillo, 80 Tomato, Strawberry, 79 Tooth wort, 183 Tornillo, 119 Touch-Me-Not, Spotted, 167 Toyon, 89 Tragopogon porrifolius, 200 Tragopogon pratensis, 200 Trifolium pratense, 165 Trilisa odoratissima, 223 Trillium or Wake Robin, 163 Trillium grandiflorum, 163 Triosteum perfoliatum, 222 True Solomon's-Seal, 162 Tsuga canadensis, 220 Tuckahoe, Virginia, 196 Tule Potato, 170 Tulip, Star, 177 Tuna, 62 Tupelo, 89 Turk's-Cap Lily, 197 Turnip, Indian, 172 Turnip, Prairie, 186 Twinberry, 81, 90 Two-Leaved Toothwort, 184 Typha angustifolia, 196 Typha latifolia, 196 Ulmus fulva, 163 Umbilicaria l3illenii, 133 Umbilicaria Muhlenbergii, 134 Umbilicaria pustulata, 133 Umbilicaria vellea, 134 Unicorn Plant, 125 Urtica dioica, 138 Urtica gracilis, 138 Urticastrum divaricatum, 138 Utah Aloe, 198 Uva-Ursi Uva-Ursi, 90 Uvular ia perfoliata, 162 Vaccinium angustifolium, 72 Vaccinium corymbosum, 71 Vaccinium macrocarpon, 74 Vaccinium Oxycoccos, 76 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 72 Vaccinium stamineum, 71 Vaccinium vacillans, 73 Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, 70 Vaguer a racemosa, 88

Monday, August 20, 2012

Edible Wild Plants