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Full text of "Edible Wild Plants"
CO DO
[5oung, tender plants when only a
few inches high, carefully cut and wash them and boil until tender,
then serve with butter. When cream sauce is added it may be
served on toast. The supply is inexhaustible but the period when
it is edible is rather short. This is the most common "tumbleweed"
of the Rocky Mountain and plains states. Plants should be gathered
in spring and early summer.
GREASEWOOD
Sarcobatus vermiculatus
THIS shrub is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific
in alkaline, clay soil of desert valleys. It usually grows three or
four feet high but may reach a height of six or eight feet. The
numerous young branches are grayish white; the narrow, fleshy
leaves are flattened above, rounded beneath.
The tender twigs of this shrub are sometimes gathered by the
housewives of Utah (and probably by those of other western
states), carefully washed and cut into short pieces and boiled
until tender, then served with butter or cream sauce.
POKE, OR SCOKE, OR PIGEONBERRY
Phytolacca decandra
Phytolacca americana
THE Pokeweed is a stout, strong-smelling perennial that grows
from four to eight feet tall. The root is large and poisonous.
From it in the springtime several thick succulent erect shoots ap-
pear. The stalks which branch and spread near the top vary in
143 Pokeweed
color from green to reddish purple. The leaves, which are ovate-
lanceolate, are five to ten inches long, pointed, with wavy margins.
The flowers and fruits are in racemes, four to seven inches long.
The blossoms are greenish white, and the berries when ripe are
dark purple, about one-third inch in diameter, filled with a pur-
plish crimson juice which is sometimes used for ink hence the
name Inkberry, which is often applied to this plant.
The Poke is a native from Maine to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas. It prefers a rich loamy soil in neglected places,
along fences, or in uncultivated ground. It especially likes clear-
ings or "new ground."
In the spring, when the young Poke shoots are a few inches
high, they are cut off just above the ground and cooked after the
manner of asparagus or spinach. Care must be taken not to get
any of the root in with the green shoots, for the root is bitter and
poisonous. Dr. Frederick V. Coville wrote of the young stems of
the Pokeweed :
They are thick and succulent like the stems of asparagus, and
are not only used by the country people, but are commonly brought
into the city markets where they are sold under the name of
"sprouts." In the United States it is not cultivated in the proper
sense of the word, although those who bring it into the markets are
careful to allow it to maintain itself in the areas in which it becomes
established. The French, however, always apt in testing and making
use of every kind of food, have introduced the plant into cultivation
in Europe.
GREEN AMARANTH, OR REDROOT
Amaranthus retroflcxus
THE Green Amaranth, often called Pigweed, is naturalized
from tropical America and now may be found over the greater
part of the United States. It grows as a weed in gardens and
cultivated soils, or even in waste lands, reaching a height of three
or four feet or even more. The stout stem is little branched,
slightly hairy, and somewhat rough. The dull green leaves are
ovate, long-pointed, with wavy margins, and the petioles or leaf
stems are nearly as long as the leaves. The greenish flowers are
in long panicled spikes.
The shiny black seeds of this and other amaranths were formerly
used for food by the Indians. They were parched or ground into
meal, which was baked in cakes or used for porridge. The leaves
Green Amaranth 144
were also used for food. The plant should be taken when young
and tender. Like the Lamb's Quarter it mav be found in a young
growing state from spring until autumn. It should be cooked like
spinach and served with butter and vinegar, if the latter is desired.
On account of its mild flavor it may be cooked with stronger-
flavored greens to make it more appetizing. It is claimed that the
Indians of the southwestern states cultivated this plant for its
seeds.
PURSLANE, OR PUSLEY
Portulaca oleracea
THIS fleshy, trailing annual is a native of India, where it was
used for food more than two thousand years ago. Some think that
it may have been native to Persia. It was early introduced into
Europe, where it has been used as a potherb for centuries. Dur-
ing colonial times it was naturalized in America ; and it has spread
not only over this country and southern Canada, but over Mexico
and even into South America. It acts like a native in the south-
western United States.
The small alternate leaves are thick and fleshy, spatulate, ob-
tuse, scattered. The light yellow flowers open only on sunny morn-
ings. They are small and last but a few hours. The petals gen-
erally number six or seven, and the stamens about eleven.
The purslane is found in almost every old garden in this country.
It especially revels in a fertile sandy soil, and often becomes a
troublesome weed. Charles Dudley Warner calls it "a fat, ground-
clinging, spreading, greasy thing, and the most propagatious plant
I know."
Purslane is cooked and served like spinach. The fleshy stems
are sometimes pickled. In England the young stems and leaves
are often used as a summer salad. In southern Europe it is some-
times used in soups. In China and India it is much used as a
potherb. It has never been much valued in America, but in Europe
several upright cultivated varieties have been developed. As a food
plant it certainly has value. Dr. Coville, botanist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, wrote: "As a potherb it is very
palatable, still retaining, when cooked, a slight acid taste. It can
be heartily recommended to those who have a liking for this kind
of vegetable food." In Mexico it is frequently seen in the markets
where vegetables are sold.
145
Miners' Lettuce
INDIAN LETTUCE, OR SPANISH LETTUCE, OR
MINERS' LETTUCE
Montia perfoliata
Claytonia perfoliata
THE Indian Lettuce, a very close relative of the eastern Spring
Beauty, is found native from British Columbia and Idaho south
to California, Arizona, and northern Mexico. I have found it in
abundance at many places in California,
where it grows on banks and under trees,
preferring a moist situation.
The stem, which is six inches to a
foot high, arises from a bunch of basal
leaves. These leaves vary greatly in
shape. Some are very narrow, others
nearly round or even kidney-shaped, on
long petioles. More than halfway up
the stalk there is a single pair of leaves
so united as to form a disk or cup com-
pletely encircling the stem. Above this
is a raceme of white or sometimes pink-
ish flowers. There are two sepals and
usually five petals. Generally several
stems arise from one cluster of basal
leaves.
Altogether this is an odd and dainty
plant which grows larger and coarser in
cultivation. The somewhat fleshy leaves
and stems are tender and crisp. The In-
dians are said to be very fond of it and
eat it raw as a salad or cooked as a pot-
herb. In the early gold-mining days of
California, it was very difficult to get
fresh fruits and vegetables, the lack of
which brought on scurvy and other dis-
eases. The miners resorted to this and
other plants for greens; therefore the
name of Miners' Lettuce. The miners
probably learned its use from the In- Miners' Lettuce
dians or possibly from the Spaniards on (Montia perfoliata)
Miners' Lettuce 146
the Pacific Coast. For food, it should be gathered in the spring.
This plant has been introduced into Europe, where it is cul-
tivated under the name of Winter Purslane, and is used for salads
or as a potherb. In places in Europe it has escaped as a weed.
It also grows wild in Cuba, where it was introduced and has
escaped.
COMMON CIIICKWEED
Stellaria media
Alsine media
THIS very common weed has been naturalized from Europe and
Asia and is found in gardens, fields, waste places, cultivated
grounds, or in the woods over most of the United States; in fact,
it is now found over most of the world.
The duckweed is an annual although it frequently lives over
winter. In the central United States it probably could be found
in bloom every month in the year. The plant is tufted and very
much branched. The stems are weak and reclining, sometimes a
foot long. The leaves are opposite, ovate, rather sharp-pointed
with entire margins. The lower leaves are petioled ; the upper
ones, sessile. The small white flowers are in terminal leafy clus-
ters or solitary in the axils of the leaves. The five petals are
deeply two-cleft.
The Common Chickweed when properly prepared makes a
splendid potherb. I have tested its edible qualities and can recom-
mend the plant. It is much used in some parts of Europe. Charles
Pierpoint Johnson writes, in Useful Plants of Great Britain, "It
forms when boiled an excellent green vegetable much resembling
spinach in flavor and is very wholesome."
MARSH MARIGOLD, OR AMERICAN COWSLIP
Caltha palustris
THIS is a common wild flower growing in swamps, marshy
places, and wet meadows from Newfoundland to South Carolina,
west to Saskatchewan and Nebraska. It must be familiar to many
people, for more than twenty-five common names have been ap-
147 Marsh Marigold
plied to it. It is one of our most beautiful wild flowers and should
be protected, but its edible qualities should also be a matter of
record.
The Marsh Marigold has a stout, hollow branching stem from
twelve to eighteen inches tall. The basal leaves are on long fleshy
petioles. The blade of the leaf is heart- or kidney-shaped, three
to six inches across. The upper leaves are nearly sessile. The
Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris)
margins are entire, wavy, or sometimes with rounded teeth. The
flowers appear in April or May. They are bright glossy yellow,
nearly an inch and a half across. There are five to nine petal-like
sepals, which drop early.
In many parts of the country the Marsh Mangold is much
used as a potherb, especially in the spring at or near the flowering
season and before most garden greens are ready for use. It is to
the plant's advantage that it often grows in swampy regions far
out of reach. The leaves and stems are boiled and served in the
same manner as spinach, and many people say that it is the equal
and even superior of the latter plant. In some parts of the country.
Marsh Marigold 148
the tender flower buds are pickled and used as a substitute for
capers.
One housewife gave me the following recipe for creamed cow-
slips: "Cook the cowslips, add salt, drain well and chop fine. Put
a tablespoon of butter into a saucepan, add a tablespoon of flour,
and mix thoroughly. Salt and pepper to taste. Add greens and
one-half cup of cream or rich milk. Stir until well mixed and you
have an appetizing dish ready to serve."
TRUE WATER CRESS
Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum
Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum
THIS familiar plant, naturalized from Europe, thrives best in
clear, cold water. It floats, rooting at the nodes, or sometimes
creeps. The leaves have from three to
nine segments, the terminal one much
the largest. The flowers are small and
white, in elongated racemes. The pods
are half an inch to an inch long.
The Water Cress now grows from
Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Idaho
and California. In its wild state, it is
better known and appreciated by peo-
ple from foreign countries. The leaves
and tender shoots have been used for
greens and for salads since ancient
times. It is also used as a garnish.
Xenophon highly recommended it to
the Persians. In western India it is
prized by the Mohammedans. The
Romans considered it as excellent food
for those who had deranged minds.
Lord Bacon urged the people of Eng-
land to use it, but it seems that it
was little cultivated in that country be-
fore the last century. Now it is much
True Water Cress grown and cared for in many parts of
(Radicula nasturtium- Europe. In this country, great quan-
aquaticum) tities are produced for the markets of
149 Water Cress
our larger towns and cities. People who buy it in closely packed
bunches generally do not recognize the plant floating in the water.
I have seen large patches of Water Cress growing undisturbed in
cool running water in unused lands at the very edge of a small city,
yet quantities of the plant were brought from a distance to that
city's market. It may be gathered at all seasons, but be careful that
the water in which it is growing is not polluted.
The Marsh Cress, or Yellow Water Cress, Radicula palustris,
is a plant with similar leaves but with upright habit. It has small
yellow blossoms and short pods. It is found over much of North
America, introduced in the East but apparently native in the
West. It grows in wet or marshy places and along watercourses.
I find that it is quite a good substitute for the Water Cress. I have
seen statements to the effect that it was once cultivated as a salad
plant in Europe.
HORSE-RADISH
Radicula Armoracia
Armoracia Armoracia
Cochlearia Armoracia
THE Horse-Radish is a perennial plant introduced here from
England, where it was probably naturalized from European coun-
tries farther east. In this country it was first planted about dwell-
ings but has since escaped to moist grounds in waste places es-
pecially along brooks. In some sections of the East it is reported
as a weed. The plants are very persistent, often growing at the
same spot years after dwellings have disappeared. My grandfather
planted it by his home in western Pennsylvania probably eighty
years or more ago, and the clusters still remain after all these
years at exactly the same place, having spread but little.
The Horse-Radish has white roots often a foot long and one
to two inches in diameter, abruptly branched at the end. A ma-
jority of the leaves come from the roots. They are on long, stout,
channeled petioles. The leaf blade is nearly a foot long and about
half as wide, with wavy edges and spreading teeth. The stem
leaves are smaller, sessile, oblong, and toothed. The flower clus-
ters are arranged in panicled racemes. The flowers are small, white,
Horse-Radish 150
and like all other plants of the mustard family, have four petals.
The seed pods, if formed at all, are nearly round. The plants
rarely produce seed. The roots may be taken at any season.
The roots have a hot, biting taste and furnish the well known
sauce or condiment which is used on roast beef, pork, and oysters.
For this purpose, they are grated and mixed with a little vinegar.
The use of Horse-Radish is said to be increasing, and as a result,
the plant is now often cultivated. The tender leaves in the spring
are frequently used for greens and are good for that purpose es-
pecially when mixed with dock or other wild plants.
The Horse-Radish has gone under several scientific names in
botanical literature; but, strange to say, only one common name is
in use, although I have heard country folk refer to it as "Sting
Nose."
WINTER CRESS, OR BELLE ISLE CRESS, OR
SCURVY GRASS
Barbarea verna
Barbarea praecox
THE Winter Cress is a native of Europe and has been intro-
duced into this country, spreading as a weed in cultivated ground
and waste places. It may now be found from Massachusetts and
southern New York south to Florida and west to and in the Ap-
palachian Mountains. The glossy green leaves have four to eight
pairs of lateral lobes. The flowers, which appear from April to
June are yellow, about a quarter of an inch across, arranged in
long racemes. As in all plants of the mustard family, each blossom
has four petals. The seed pods are one and a half to three inches
long, rather sharply four-angled, and are mounted on short, very
thick stems or pedicels.
From New York southward, the Winter Cress is often culti-
vated for use as a potherb or winter salad. In cultivation, especially
in the South, it usually goes under the name of Scurvy Grass. As
a cultivated crop, the seeds are generally sown broadcast in late
summer. In Washington City and elsewhere, in early spring, it
is commonly seen in the markets, and in some sections it is highly
appreciated. It is grown in gardens in England and is much used
in Germany.
Winter Cress
Bitter-Cress (Barbarea verna)
The Common Winter Cress or Yellow Rocket, Barbarea vul-
garis, Barbarea Barbarea, is another European introduction in
general appearance quite similar to the last species. It prefers low
cultivated and waste grounds, and in places is a pest. It has spread
over the eastern and central states but is believed to be native from
Lake Superior north and west to the Pacific Coast. It grows from
one to two feet tall, has glossy green leaves with one to three
lateral lobes and a much larger rounded terminal lobe. The bright
yellow blossoms appear from April to June. The seed pods are
not more than an inch long on rather slender spreading stems or
pedicels. This plant is sometimes used as a salad or potherb and
is probably best mixed with other "greens." It has a bitterness that
to me is not altogether pleasant. This is chiefly removed in cook-
ing by changing the water once or twice. The plant is sometimes
called "Bitter Cress" and is occasionally for sale in the markets
under the name of "Upland Cress." It is said to be also cultivated
Winter Cress 152
in gardens in parts of England and Scotland ; and in places on the
Continent of Europe it is boiled as kale or spinach.
PENNSYLVANIA BITTER CRESS
Cardamine pennsylvanica
THE Pennsylvania Cress is common along brooks, swamps, and
in wet places from Newfoundland to Minnesota and Montana,
south to Florida, Tennessee, and Kansas.
This plant is an annual or sometimes a biennial with erect
smooth stem eight inches to two feet high, often much branched.
The plant has a rosette of leaves at the base with lateral leaves
along the stem. The leaves have from seven to eleven leaflets,
the terminal one obovate and much larger than the others. The
small white flowers are followed by slender seed pods about an
inch long when mature. This plant is an excellent substitute for
the common Water Cress. It is slightly bitter but not disagreeable.
On hikes in the woods. I have often gathered this cress to eat
with my sandwiches and have found it a pleasing relish.
Several other plants of this genus have also been used as sub-
stitutes for the Water Cress. Among them are the following:
The Cuckoo Flower, or Meadow Cress, Cardamine pratensis,
in general appearance quite similar to the Pennsylvania Cress ; but
the lower leaflets are rounded, and the showy white or rose-colored
flowers are half an inch or more broad. It is not abundant but
may be found from New Jersey to Minnesota, north to Labrador,
also in Europe and Asia.
Round-Leaved, or American, Water Cress, Cardamine rotundi-
folia, is found in cold springs and brooks from New York to Ohio
south to North Carolina and Missouri. It is a weak, often reclin-
ing plant with oval or round leaves. It is used as a salad plant,
and Asa Gray says of it: "Leaves with just the taste of the Eng-
lish water-cress."
BLACK MUSTARD
Brassica nigra
DESCRIBED under Edible Seeds and Seed Pods.
153 Lettuce Saxifrage
LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE, OR MOUNTAIN LETTUCE
Saxifraga micranthidifolia
Micranthes micranthidifolia
THE Lettuce Saxifrage is a perennial plant that grows on the
borders of cool mountain streams and in swampy places in the
Appalachian Mountains from central Pennsylvania south to Geor-
gia and Tennessee. The leaves are in a thick mat at the base of
the plant. They are sometimes nearly a foot long, rounded at the
top, tapering downward in a margined petiole. The edges of the
leaves have short sharp teeth. The flower scape is one to two
feet tall, terminating in a loose panicle. The white flowers are
nearly a quarter of an inch across. The calyx lobes turn backward.
The flowers appear from May to July, followed by sharp-pointed
seed pods.
In some of the mountainous sections of southern Pennsylvania,
this plant is highly prized by the people. For salads it is probably
used more than any other wild plant of the region. They seem to
be careful not to destroy the roots, for in places I have found it
in abundance along cold mountain brooks. There the natives call
it "Deer Tongue," probably from the shape of the leaves. In the
springtime, the leaves are carefully gathered and washed, then
placed in a stewpan or frying pan where a little bacon or fat salt
pork has previously been cut fine and partly cooked. Some sour
cream is added, but the cooking is slight in fact, the leaves are
scarcely more than wilted. In that region, garden lettuce is usually
prepared and served in the same manner. In most households it
is an acceptable dish.
INDIAN RHUBARB
Peltiphyllum peltatum
Saxifraga peltata
WHEN I first saw this plant, which was along a rocky moun-
tain stream in northern California, I immediately thought of the
common May Apple or Mandrake of the East. On a nearer ap-
proach I saw the plant was larger and coarser. This perennial
has a thick fleshy horizontal rootstock from which arises early in
the season a naked stem bearing a panicle of white or pale pink
Indian Rhubarb 154
flowers. The nearly round or shield-shaped leaves all arise from
the base. They are from one to two feet across, slightly cupped
or depressed at the center, lobed margin, irregularly toothed. In
order to support such large leaves, the plant has thick fleshy petioles
or leaf stems, from one to three feet long.
The Indian Rhubarb is found along mountain streams, at eleva-
tions of fifteen hundred to nearly six thousand feet, in the Sierra
Nevada, Cascade and Coast Ranges, from central California to
central Oregon. The thick fleshy leafstalks are peeled and eaten
by the Indians, who consider them a delicacy. Sometimes they are
cooked after the manner of asparagus. They should be used in
spring and summer.
AZALEA OR PINXTER FLOWER
Rhododendron nudiflorum
Azalea nudiflora
THE wild Azalea or Pinxter Flower is one of the most de-
lightful flowering shrubs of the springtime. It is found from
Maine to Florida west to Missouri and Texas. An acid soil, es-
pecially if it is rocky and sandy, seems to suit it best ; hence we
often find it growing with the Low-Bush Blueberries and Winter-
green.
The Azalea grows from two to six feet high with alternate
leaves, which are generally crowded toward the ends of the
branches. These short-petioled leaves, which are bright green
above, paler beneath, are two to four inches long, slightly obovate,
with toothed margins. The clustered flowers appear in April or
May according to the latitude, and open with, or often slightly
earlier than, the leaves. The individual blossoms are large, with
pistil and stamens that extend much beyond the flower. The pink
or nearly white glandular corolla has a very pleasing odor, which
has given to the plant the name of Wild Honeysuckle. Early
Dutch settlers about New York named this shrub the Pinxter
Flower from Pentecost, or Whitsunday, because it blooms near
that movable date.
On the leaves or twigs of the Azalea, there often appears an
irregular growth an inch or two across. It is quite heavy and
solid, crisp and juicy. It may have been made by an insect, but
not as a gall. I have cut or dissected many of them and have
found no trace of insect life. It is probably an abnormal growth
155 Azalea
produced or started by bacteria. Some think it may be a modified
bud. William Hamilton Gibson, in Sharp Eyes, says: "It has no
mission in the world except to melt in the mouth of the eager,
thirsty small boy. Its cool, translucent, pale green pulp is like
balm to his thirsty lips." And again he writes: "How it makes
the corners of my jaws ache with thirsty yearning as I think of
Azalea or Pinxter Flower (Rhododendron nudiflorum)
it." These May apples, as they are sometimes called, are excellent
for pickling with spiced vinegar and have been used for that pur-
pose since Pilgrim days. By experiment, I find they make a good
salad, especially when mixed with other greens. Some years they
are quite plentiful, and others they seem scarce. They are usually
at their best near the end of May.
COMMON MILKWEED, OR SILKWEED
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias Cornuti
NEARLY every person is familiar with the Common Milkweed,
especially in early autumn when the pods burst and the seeds with
their parachute arrangement go sailing off in the wind. However,
not so many know that the plant is good as a potherb.
Milkweed 156
This plant is a native perennial found in old fields, orchards,
along roadsides, and in waste places from New Brunswick to
Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. It prefers
a rich, somewhat sandy soil. It grows from three to five feet tall
with a sturdy tough stem. The leaves, in opposite pairs, are ob-
long, tapering at both ends, from four to eight inches long, nearly
half as wide, with short stout petioles. The numerous sweet-
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
scented flowers are arranged in globular umbels. The flowers have
five sepals, a corolla deeply five-parted, with five upright hoods,
each with an incurved horn, and five stamens. The corolla with
its hoods is greenish purple or nearly white. The follicle, or warty
seed pod, is three to five inches long when mature, splitting on
one side. All parts of the plant contain a milky juice.
For greens, the plants are collected when young and tender
that is, when only a few inches high. Wash them thoroughly, then
boil them, changing the water once or twice to remove the milky
juice. We have tested this plant several times and find that it
157 Milkweed
needs more cooking than some greens but, when well prepared, is
much like spinach. In Canada, the tender stems and tops are pre-
pared and eaten like asparagus. A good brown sugar can be made
from the flowers. Fremont found the Indians of the Platte River
country eating the young pods, cooking them with buffalo meat.
It is also reported that the Indians ate the pods and stems of the
Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa, a common milkweed from the
Great Plains east to the Atlantic Coast. This plant has tuberous
roots which were also cooked and eaten by the Indians.
CORN SALAD, OR LAMB'S LETTUCE
Valerianella Locusta
Valerianella olitoria
THE Corn Salad is a smooth annual plant that grows from six
to twelve inches tall, with forked branches. The basal leaves are
spatulate, rounded, or obtuse at the apex. The stem leaves are op-
posite, sessile, and often toothed ; all are tender and somewhat suc-
culent. The small pale blue corolla is nearly regular and funnel-
form, with only three stamens.
The Corn Salad is a native of Europe, where it is much culti-
vated as a potherb and salad plant. In some regions of this country
it is cultivated ; but it has escaped and become naturalized from
Maine to Ontario, south to Virginia and Arkansas. It grows in
fields and waste places and occasionally along roadsides, and will
probably become more abundant as the years go by. It is com-
monly sold in the markets about New York, where it usually goes
by the name of Field Salad. The names Fetticus and Pawnee
Lettuce are also used for this plant. As a salad, it is best served
with lettuce and Water Cress, with salad dressing, for alone it
is rather tasteless. It may be gathered in spring and early sum-
mer. It often forms a rosette of leaves in the autumn and may be
gathered then.
There are several species of the Corn Salad native of the United
States. They have white blossoms but otherwise are so nearly like
the European Corn Salad that they are difficult to tell from it,
and even more difficult to tell from one another ; their most marked
difference is in the fruit or seed. They are also collected for salads
and to use as spinach. One, the Goosefoot Corn Salad, Valerianella
Corn Salad 158
chenopodifolia, is found from western New York to Minnesota,
south to Virginia and Kentucky; it generally grows taller than
the European species. Another is the Beaked Corn Salad, Valer-
ianella radiata, which grows in low ground from Massachusetts
to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Others are native of
the Middle West, but all may be used alike.
CHICORY, OR WILD SUCCORY, OR BLUE-SAILORS
Cichorium Intybus
THE Chicory is a native of Europe and Asia but has escaped
in North America, where it has become a weed in pasture fields,
along roadsides, and in waste lands from Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Kansas, also on the Pacific Coast and
locally elsewhere in the South and West. It is a stiff-branching
perennial with a deep taproot. It grows from one to three feet
tall with rigid angular branches. The leaves are nearly all at the
base of the plant, forming a rosette on the ground similar to that
of the Dandelion. These leaves are from three to six inches long,
spatulate, with cut, lobed, or toothed edges, often curled. The
stem leaves are very small and clasping.
The flower heads are sessile, often clustered but generally two
at a place; sometimes they occur singly. They are from an inch
to an inch and a half across, and of a beautiful blue color, or as
Emerson says:
Grass with green flag half-mast high,
Succory to match the sky.
From the color of the blossoms, the plant is frequently called
Blue-Sailors. Occasionally the flowers are white or pinkish. They
generally close by noon, but in cloudy weather may remain open
all day.
In the spring, the young leaves of the Chicory, which closely
resemble those of the Dandelion, are gathered and boiled as a
potherb. The water should be poured off once or twice to remove
the bitter taste. They are then served like spinach.
Several cultivated forms of the Chicory have been developed,
and in late years it has become a farm crop in some sections. It
159 Chicory
has often been observed that this plant requires the same climatic
conditions as the sugar beet. The tender roots are sometimes boiled
and served like carrots and parsnips but they have never become
popular. The ground roots are roasted and used as a substitute
or adulterant of coffee, or sometimes merely to flavor coffee. Some
years, millions of pounds of the root have been imported from
Europe for this purpose. As a salad plant, large headlike forms
with fine-cut blanched leaves have been developed. Great quanti-
ties of this form are sold in the city markets. In New Orleans
and some other southern cities, much of the coffee is flavored with
Chicory.
DANDELION
Taraxacum officinale
Leontodon Taraxacum
Taraxacum Dens-leonis
THE Dandelion is a plant too common to need description. As
a weed it has spread over most of the civilized world. It is a peren-
nial that grows from a long, rather stout root, forming a stemless
plant above ground. The leaves grow in a rosette, or basal cluster.
They are oblong or spatulate, variously cut and toothed. The edges
of the leaves have teeth that are supposed to resemble those of a lion,
hence Linnaeus gave it the generic name Leontodon, meaning "lion's
tooth." The specific name Dens-leonis means the same thing. Even
the common name Dandelion refers to the lionlike teeth of the
leaves. The hollow flower stems vary from one inch high on a
smoothly cut lawn to fifteen or more inches amid the tall grass.
The yellow flowers are in a cluster or head that usually opens only
in the sunshine. The blossoms are most abundant in May, but about
New York I have found them every month in the year. The plants
are much more numerous in the eastern states than they are in the
West, and I have never seen them growing wild so robust or in such
profusion as along Lake Champlain.
The leaves of the Dandelion are highly prized as a spring green.
They are gathered when young and tender, thoroughly cleaned,
then boiled. The cooking should not be too long, and those who do
not relish the bitter taste had better change the water once or twice.
They are generally served with a lump of butter and a dash of
Dandelion 160
vinegar. Many prefer to cook them with a little fat salt pork or
bacon chopped fine, then serve with a sour-cream dressing. Some
prefer the leaves mixed with other greens. Dandelions are some-
times blanched and used raw as a winter salad. They are often
cooked and served cold as a salad with or without vinegar. The
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
dried roots have been used as a substitute for coffee. I also find that
the roots have been used as a salad.
This plant has been used as a vegetable since ancient times, yet
it has only recently been cultivated. On the vegetable farms of New
Jersey I have seen fields or plots of three or four acres planted in
Dandelions and cultivated in the same manner as Potatoes. Several
horticultural varieties have been developed that form large leafy
plants. In spring and early summer, the Dandelion is now a com-
mon vegetable in the city markets of New York and vicinity.
161 Wild Lettuce
WILD OR TALL LETTUCE, OR HORSEWEED
Lactuca canadensis
THE Wild Lettuce is a smooth annual or biennial plant, generally
the latter, that grows from four to nine feet tall. The hollow stem
has a whitish bloom and is very leafy up to the panicle. The basal
leaves are variable, deeply cut, often to the midrib, from five to
twelve inches long. The stem leaves are clasping, variously cut
and toothed, whitish beneath ; the upper ones are often lance-shaped
and entire. The flower heads are about half an inch high. The
flowers are yellow and numerous, but not many open at one time.
The wild Lettuce prefers a rich, rather moist soil in open places,
in hayfields, along fences, open thickets, etc. Horses are very fond
of it, hence the name Horseweed. The plant has a wide range, grow-
ing from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia,
Louisiana, and New Mexico.
When the Wild Lettuce is a few inches tall, up to fifteen inches,
the leaves and tender stems make a very good potherb. When boil-
ing, the water should be changed to remove the milk and slight
bitter taste, unless the latter is desired. The cooking should not be
long continued. A little bacon or other fat meat, cut fine and cooked
with the plant, is often preferred. Some add a little vinegar. We
have tried the Wild Lettuce and know that it may be used as a sub-
stitute for the garden variety, especially as a potherb.
PRICKLY LETTUCE
Lactuca scariola
Lactuca virosa
THIS plant, a native of Europe and well known to the ancients,
is now a very familiar weed over much of this country. It is also
edible. It grows from two to five feet high. The leaves twist or
turn edgewise to the sun; for that reason it is sometimes called
Compass Plant. The lower part of the stem and the midrib of the
leaves are beset with weak prickles. The leaves clasp the stem with
earlike projections. Their margins are sharp-toothed almost bris-
tle-tipped. The plant is a biennial or sometimes an annual. It
frequents fields, waste places, and roadsides and is often a trouble-
some weed. When a few inches high, it may be cut for salad or a
Prickly Lettuce 162
potherb. I know of country people who gather it regularly. Some
botanists believe that the cultivated lettuce was developed from this
species. The Prickly Lettuce is found from coast to coast.
The young leaves are very tender, and for that reason it makes a
very good salad plant. Some prefer it cut in pieces with a little
chopped onion and served with French dressing. As a potherb, it
needs very little cooking and is excellent when served with a hot
dressing of melted butter and vinegar. It should be gathered in the
spring or early summer.
ADDITIONAL PLANTS WITH EDIBLE STEMS
AND LEAVES
I FIND record of the following plants being edible. Most of them
I have not tested.
Reindeer Moss, Cladonia rangiferina. This lichen is common on
the ground in the northern states and Canada. When crisp it is
sometimes eaten by people in Norway. Woodsmen of Canada some-
times drink a strong tea made from it, as a stimulant.
Great American Bulrush, Scirpus validus. This is common in
swamps nearly throughout North America. The tender part or
base of the stem is eaten fresh and raw by the Indians of the North-
west.
Dayflower, Commelina communis. This and other species of
Commelina are now becoming common as weeds in cultivated
ground. They are used as potherbs in foreign countries.
Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. The Asparagus is native of
Europe and Asia and was cultivated in Rome before the Christian
Era. It escaped from cultivation in America. The first Asparagus
that I ever recall having eaten was obtained from plants that grew
wild in fence corners along a field. The roasted seeds have been
used as a substitute for coffee and are still recommended for that
purpose in Europe.
Perfoliate Bellwort, or Wild Oat, Uvularia perfoliata. This
bellwort is found from Quebec and Ontario south to Florida and
Mississippi. The young shoots are an excellent substitute for As-
paragus. The roots are edible when cooked. It should be used only
as an emergency food.
True Solomon's-Seal, Polygonatum biflorum. The True Solo-
mon's-Seal is found from New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan,
south to Florida and Tennessee. The tender plant in spring is said
163 Edible Leaves and Stems
to be an excellent vegetable when boiled and served like Asparagus.
The American Indians fed upon the starchy root. Francis Parkman
states that roots of this plant were used for food by the half-starved
French colonists in America.
Trillium, or Wake Robin, Trillium grandiflorum. The Large-
Flowered Trillium ranges from Quebec to Minnesota, south to
North Carolina and Missouri. According to Kephart, this and other
Trilliums "make good greens when cooked." This should be used
as an emergency food.
Century Plant, Agave parryi. It is from this and other Century
Plants of the Southwest that the Apache Indians prepare their
famous mescal, said to be palatable and wholesome. The large bud-
ding flower stalk is roasted in stone-lined pits until tender and is
then enjoyed by the natives. The Sotols, species of Dasylirion, plants
related to the Agaves, are prepared and cooked in the same manner
by the Indians.
Slippery Elm, or Red Elm, Ulmus fulva. This forest tree is
found from Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas.
The inner bark is mucilaginous with a sweet and pleasing flavor.
When a boy, the writer and his companions chewed it with ap-
parently no ill effects. Trunks of this tree should not be mutilated
by removing the bark. To remove it from large roots shows less.
The Indians of the Missouri River valley cooked the bark with
buffalo fat in rendering out the tallow, to give the latter a pleasing
flavor. Emerson, in his Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, says
that flour prepared from the bark by drying and grinding, mixed
with milk, like Arrowroot, forms a wholesome and nutritious food
for infants and invalids.
Lady's Thumb, or Heartweed, Polygonum Persicaria, Persicaria
Persicaria. This is a weed introduced from Europe, now found
nearly throughout North America, except in the extreme north.
Horace Kephart says: "Used as an early salad plant in the southern
mountains."
Slender Pigweed, or Spleen Amaranth, or Keerless, Amaranthus
hybridus. This annual weed ranges from Canada south to the
Tropics. It is a native of tropical America and is much used when
young and tender, especially in the South, as a salad plant or pot-
herb. It greatly resembles Spinach.
Palmer's Amaranth, Amaranthus Palmeri. Found in dry soil
from Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas, also in eastern Massa-
chusetts. Native of the Southwest. Used as in the last species.
Saltwort, or Glasswort, or Pickle Plant, Salicornia europaea.
Edible Leaves and Stems 164
Found in salt marshes from Nova Scotia to Georgia, also about salt
springs in central New York (where it is much used for pickling)
and in salty soil from Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Kansas
and Utah, also Europe and Asia. Sometimes used as a potherb in
Europe but chiefly used for pickling. Another Glasswort, Sali-
cornia ambigua, which grows in salt marshes along the Pacific coast
and also along the Atlantic coast is sometimes used for pickling.
Desert Trumpet, or Pickles, Eriogonum inflatum. This member
of the buckwheat family is a common and familiar plant on deserts
from California east to Colorado and New Mexico. It grows from
one to three feet high, repeatedly forked. The lower internodes are
generally much swollen or puffed out. These inflated stems are
tender when young and may be eaten raw or used for pickles.
Canaigre, or Wild Rhubarb, or Pie Dock, or Sour Dock, Rumex
hymenosepalus. This wild dock, whose roots are used in tanning
leather, is native from California to Texas. The stems of the leaves
and stalk are crisp and tart and are often cooked as a substitute
for Rhubarb, which it quite resembles. It frequently goes under the
name of Wild Pieplant. It is best in early spring.
Sea Fig, or Ice Plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, grows
wild along the southern California coast. The tender, fleshy stems
and leaves have been used as a salad. The Hottentot Fig, Mesem-
bryanthemum edule, native of South Africa, has been introduced
on the California coast as a sand-dune binder, and is spreading. It
is edible, as the name indicates.
Shepherd's-Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, is found as a weed in
fields and waste places nearly all over the world. It has the peppery
flavor of other members of the mustard family and was formerly
used as a potherb. The Chinese still use the plant. Horace Kephart
says: "A good substitute for spinach. Delicious when blanched and
served as a salad. Tastes somewhat like cabbage, but is much more
delicate."
Peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum. This member of the mustard
family is occasionally used as a garnish and sometimes as a salad.
It is a weed along roadsides and in waste places.
Penny Cress, Thlaspi arvense. This is another member of the
mustard family naturalized from Europe and now found in waste
places from Quebec to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Kansas.
It is an edible cress cultivated in places in Europe.
Salad Burnet, or Garden Burnet, or Poterium, Sanguisorba
minor, is a native of Europe and Asia and is now naturalized from
Maine to New York and Maryland. The young leaves taste like
165 Edible Leaves and Stems
green Cucumbers and are used in salads. It is sometimes cultivated,
and several varieties have been developed.
Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.The young shoots are tender and
somewhat resemble Asparagus in appearance. In places in New
England, they are gathered and used as a substitute for Asparagus.
It is found from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Louisiana.
Red Clover, Trifolium pratense. This and other species of
Clover are eaten raw or as a salad by the Indians of California,
Arizona, and elsewhere. Probably difficult to digest.
White or True Wood Sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella. Found in cold
damp woods from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to New
York and New England and in the mountains to North Carolina;
also in Europe and Asia. It has long been cultivated in gardens as
a minor vegetable, but never extensively. Leaves acid. Used as a
salad and, in parts of Europe, as a spring vegetable.
Violet Wood Sorrel, Oxalis violacea. In woods from Massachu-
setts to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Its acid leaves
are edible. The Yellow Wood Sorrel and also the Sheep or Field
Sorrel, Rumex Acetosella, are eaten by children for their pleasing
acid flavor. They are sometimes used in salads.
Mallow, or Cheeses, Malva rotundifolia. The Round-Leaved
Mallow is native of Europe and Asia and was early introduced
into America and now grows in waste lands and cultivated grounds
over most of our country. The flat carpels or "cheeses" are edible.
The Mallow is cultivated as a potherb in Egypt. Pythagoras
thought highly of it as a spinach. Greeks and Romans generally
thought well of it. Tender shoots are eaten today as a salad in
France and Italy.
High Mallow, Malva sylvestris. Introduced from Europe into
United States and Canada. "A wholesome vegetable when boiled."
The seeds are eaten by country people.
Whorled or Curled Mallow, Malva verticillata. Introduced
from Europe and now found in waste places from Nova Scotia
to South Dakota, south to Pennsylvania. "A good potherb" (Kep-
hart).
Early Blue Violet, or Johnny- Jump-Up, Viola palmata. Found
from Massachusetts to Minnesota and south, especially along the
mountains to Georgia. Porcher says: "The plant is very mucilagi-
nous, and is employed by negroes for thickening soup under the
name of 'wild okra.' "
Meadow Beauty, or Deer Grass, Rhexia virginica. Found in
Edible Leaves and Stems 166
moist, sandy soil from Maine to Florida, west to Iowa, Missouri,
and Louisiana. According to Kephart; "The leaves have a sweet-
ish, yet acidulous taste. Make a good addition to a salad, and may
be eaten with impunity."
Great Willow Herb, or Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium,
Chamaenerion angustifolium. Greenland to Alaska, south to North
Carolina, Kansas, and southern California. Generally very com-
mon in burned-over lands. Found also in Europe and Asia.
The young shoots are used as a substitute for Asparagus. The
leaves and young stems when boiled are used as a potherb in Can-
ada and in northern Europe. It is reported that in England the
leaves are sometimes used to adulterate tea.
Scarlet Pimpernel, or Poor Man's Weatherglass, Anagallis ar-
vensis. Native of Europe and Asia. Naturalized in this country
from Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas,
also on the Pacific Coast. In parts of Asia it is eaten as greens.
Used in salads in France and Germany.
Virginia Waterleaf, or Indian Salad, Hydrophyllum virgini-
anum. Quebec to South Carolina, west to South Dakota and
Kansas. When young and tender, it is eaten as a salad by the In-
dians. It is claimed that this plant was eaten by some of the early
settlers in this country. Is said to make good greens.
Waterleaf, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. In woods, New
York to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Accord-
ing to Barton, the young shoots are eaten in the spring as a salad
(in Kentucky and probably elsewhere) and are highly prized by all
who eat them.
American Brooklime, Veronica americana. In brooks and wet
places from Quebec to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska,
New Mexico, and California. "A salad plant equal to the water-
cress. Delightful in flavor, healthful, anti-scorbutic." (Scientific
American.)
Common Plantain, Plantago major. All too common as a weed
in North America, Europe, and Asia. Formerly eaten as a potherb
in China. Used as a spring green.
Sow Thistle, or Hare's Lettuce, Sonchus oleraceus. A weed in
cultivated lands, introduced from Europe. Now found over most
of the cultivated regions of the world. Used in Great Britain and
Germany as a potherb. Said to be "exceedingly wholesome."
Great Burdock, Arctium Lappa. Introduced as a weed from
Europe. The Common Burdock, Arctium minus, is much more
common and is found in waste lands over much of the United
167 Edible Leaves and Stems
States. These despised weeds are said to be cultivated as vegetables
in Japan. The large tender leafstalks are peeled and eaten raw,
used as a salad, or cooked as Asparagus, which it is said to resemble
in flavor. The young flower stalk is cooked in the same manner.
The root is also peeled and boiled.
Ostrich Fern, Onoclea Struthiopteris, Matteuccia Struthiop-
teris. The stout scaly rootstocks were cooked, boiled, or roasted
and eaten by the Abnaki Indians of northern New England and
Quebec. Newfoundland to Virginia, northwest to British Colum-
bia.
Spotted Touch-Me-Not, or Jewel Weed, Impatiens biflora.
The succulent stems of the Touch-Me-Not are said to be edible, if
taken when the plants are young. It often grows in great abun-
dance. It is found from Nova Scotia to southern Alaska south to
Florida, Kansas, and Oregon. Should be used in spring and early
summer.
EDIBLE ROOTS AND TUBERS
Where the groundnut trails its vine,
Where the wood-grape's clusters shine.
JOHN G. WHITTIER
FOR our vegetable diet we depend much upon cultivated root crops
such as carrots, parsnips, turnips, and beets, along with the potato,
which in reality is an underground stem. I find it is a general be-
lief that the North American Indians got their vegetable food en-
tirely from wild material, especially from roots; but of course this
was not the case. They had their cultivated plots or gardens, par-
ticularly in the East, where they grew corn, beans, pumpkins, to-
bacco, and possibly potatoes. They did depend, however, much on
wild foods, especially fleshy roots, during certain seasons of the
year. This was particularly true in the Far West, where the dry
climate made gardening almost impossible. Even to this day, the
western Indians make great use of fleshy roots and tubers.
Many roots have an acrid, bitter, or undesirable taste, and fre-
quent changing of the water is necessary to remove this. Some-
times it is removed by boiling, then allowing the roots to dry out
thoroughly, after which they may be ground into meal. A majority
of our edible roots are perennials that store up food for the future
use of the plant. This starchy material may be turned to man's
account. Many human beings have starved on the plains and deserts,
amid plenty, not knowing what to eat or how to prepare it.
ARROWHEAD, OR ARROWLEAF, OR WAPATOO
Sagittaria latifolia
Sagittaria variabilis
THE Arrowhead is a familiar plant growing in shallow water in
ponds and marshes, or along the borders of sluggish streams nearly
throughout the United States and southern Canada. It even ex-
tends into Mexico. It grows from a few inches to two or three
169
Arrowhead 170
feet tall and varies wonderfully in the form of the leaf. Several
other species are very similar, and the earlier botanists of this coun-
try did not attempt to separate them. For our purpose we will
consider these forms as one species. The rootstock is a tuber with
numerous fibrous roots. The leaves are basal on long petioles and
vary greatly in size and shape. They are generally arrow-shaped
with long-pointed basal lobes. The white flowers are borne on the
upper part of the scape, usually in clusters of three. The upper
flowers generally bear stamens only, and the lower ones, pistils. The
blossoms are an inch to an inch and a half broad ; the three sepals
persist, but the three rounded showy petals drop after a few days.
The seeds, more properly called achenes, are winged on both mar-
gins, ending in a curved beak. The flowering season occurs from
July to September.
The tuberous roots of the Arrowhead were much used for food
by the Indians. They were boiled like potatoes, or sometimes roasted
in hot ashes. The Algonquin Indians called the plant Katniss and
were very fond of it as an article of food. It was also much used
by the Indians of the West, especially those of Oregon, who called
it Wapatoo, and where next to the Camas it is said to be the most
valuable native food plant. The tubers are eaten by the Chinese
in the lower Sacramento valley where this plant is very common
and is called Tule Potato. It is claimed that a species of Sagittaria
is cultivated in China for its tuberous roots.
Lewis and Clark record how at the mouth of the Multnomah
River, now called the Willamette, the native tribes subsisted chiefly
on wapatoo, an edible root about the size of a hen's egg and closely
resembling a potato. It was their chief vegetable to eat with fish
or meat, and an important article of trade.
Near the mouth of the Columbia, they record: "We purchased
from the old squaw, for armbands and rings, a few wappatoo roots,
on which we subsisted. They are nearly equal in flavor to the Irish
potato and afford a very good substitute for bread." All through
the winter of 1805-1806, when encamped near the mouth of this
river, they continued to trade for wapatoo. It was their chief vege-
table food, and was never out of season. On the return journey,
Lewis, the botanist of the expedition, observed the Indian women
collecting the roots where the Willamette joins the Columbia. The
women used a very light, shallow canoe ten to fourteen feet long
and two feet wide, that would hold one person and several bushels
of roots. He says:
171 Arrowhead
She takes one of these canoes into a pond where the water is as
high as the breast, and by means of her toes, separates from the
root this bulb, which on being freed from the mud, rises immediately
to the surface of the water and is thrown into the canoe. In this
manner, these patient females remain in the water for several hours,
even in the depth of winter. This plant is found through the whole
extent of the valley in which we now are, but does not grow on the
Columbia farther eastward.
CHUFA, OR NUT GRASS, OR EARTH ALMOND
Cyperus esculentus
THE Chuf a, or Nut Grass, is an edible plant belonging to the sedge
family. It is perennial from tuberous bearing rootstocks. The culms
or stems are one to two feet tall, rather stout, triangular. The grass-
like leaves which appear near the base have a prominent midrib
and are light green, about as long as the stem. At the top of the
stalk are three to six smaller leaves forming an involucre around
the umbel or flower cluster. The umbel has five to eight rays, which
are sometimes compound. The spikelets are numerous, straw-
colored, flat, spreading, and many-flowered.
The Nut Grass is found from New Brunswick to Minnesota and
Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas; also on the Pacific Coast
from California to Alaska, and in Europe, Asia, and many tropical
countries. It spreads by the nutlike tubers and sometimes becomes
a troublesome weed in low or moist fields.
The tubers, clustered about the base of the plant, are sweet and
edible with a nutty flavor. The plant is cultivated, especially in
the South and in Europe, for these tubers. We sometimes see them
advertised in seed catalogues. We have cultivated the plant and
enjoyed eating the tubers. The cultivated form of the plant rarely
blooms in the North. It goes under many common names beside
those given above, one of which is Edible Galingale.
Another Nut Grass, Cyperus rotundus, sometimes called Coco
Grass, is very similar to the species described above. It has fewer
rays in the umbel with dark brownish purple spikelets. It is found
in sandy fields from Virginia to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas.
It is occasionally found in the North, where it was introduced es-
pecially about the seaports. It is a bad weed in many places in the
South. The nutlike tubers of this plant are also edible.
Ja ck-in-th e-Pulpit 172
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, OR INDIAN TURNIP
Arisaema triphyllum
FEW if any of our native wild flowers are better known than the
Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Even the burning acid nature of the rootstock
or bulb has been learned by a great many people in the bitter school
of experience. This perennial grows from one to nearly three feet
Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
high from a starchy bulb or corm. The two petioled leaves are
sheathed with the flower stalk; each has three ovate, pointed leaflets,
with entire or sometimes lobed margins. The leaves vary greatly in
appearance : in some plants, they have a white bloom beneath ; in
others, the under surface is dark green and glossy. Botanists have
described these as separate species, but for our purpose we will
consider the various forms as one. At the top of the flower stalk
is a round, club-shaped spadix two or three inches long with the
1 73 Jack-in-the-Pulpit
small greenish yellow flowers near its base. The lower blossoms
are pistillate; the upper, staminate. Surrounding the spadix is a
green and purple striped spathe ending in a flap over the top. The
colors of the spathe vary greatly and are generally brightest in
plants that get the most light. The poet has well described it:
Fair is the canopy over him seen,
Pencilled by nature's hand, black, brown, and green.
Green is his surplice, green are his bands;
In his queer little pulpit the little priest stands.
The blossoms are followed by a cluster of green berries which
become bright red when ripe and are extremely acrid. The bulb,
or corm, is slightly flattened or turnip-shaped, with numerous root-
lets around the outer edge. It is starchy, but at the same time is
the most stinging, burning thing to be found in the woods. It is
claimed that the Indians removed the burning taste by boiling, after
which these roots were cooked with venison. I have experimented
with the Indian Turnip ; after boiling and changing the water two
or three times, the roots were still too pungent to eat. When I
left them for several weeks, or until they were thoroughly dried,
the acrid condition naturally left them and the starch became pleas-
ant and nutritious. This would indicate that the burning is produced
by physical properties of the bulb instead of chemical properties
as is generally supposed. Perhaps it would be best to first boil, then
dry them; afterward they could be ground into meal and baked
into cakes or used for gruel after the Indian fashion.
The Jack-in-the-Pulpit grows in rich woods, often where it is
slightly moist, from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota,
Kansas, and Louisiana. It may be collected in spring or summer
(for experiment).
SWEET FLAG, OR CALAMUS ROOT
Acorus Calamus
THE Sweet Flag, or Calamus, is a close relative of the Indian
Turnip, both belonging to the arum family. It grows in masses
in swamps, marshy grounds, and along sluggish streams, and is a
native of Europe and Asia as well as America. In this country it
ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
In general appearance, the plant resembles an iris. It has fleshy
Calamus Root
174
rootstocks which grow in closely matted masses often many feet
in extent, and to the exclusion of all other plants. The sword-
shaped leaves resemble those of the iris, but they are glossy and
yellow-green while those of the iris are bluish green and dull. The
leaves are one to three feet long and about an inch wide with sharp
/TI\
Calamus (Acorus Calamus)
edges and a prominent midvein. They closely sheath each other at
the base.
The three-angled scape is nearly as tall as the leaves. About half-
way up is the spikelike spadix, standing out at an angle, two or
three inches long and about half an inch thick at the base. It is
thickly covered with tiny yellowish green flowers. The spadix is
not surrounded by a spathe as in most other members of the arum
family. The leaflike extension of the stalk is really a spathe. The
interior of the stalk is sweet hence the name Sweet Flag.
Edible Morel (JVlorchella esculenta var. cornea/
Yucca-Southern Texas, probably Yucca Treculeana
Mandrake or May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Wild
or ocanet strawberry (*ragaria virginiana)
uiacKDerry one ot our best edible wild fruits
American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
^ ... Photo by George T. Hasting*
California Fan Palm (Washingtonia filifera), Palm Canyon,
California. Fruit may be seen hanging from the trees
Nest of the pack rat in New Mexico under which is his store ot
Photo by Ueorge 1 .
Black Locust (Robinia Pseudo- Acacia )
Hastings
metto or Cabbage Palm (Sabal Palmetto)
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
common 1'okc or Figeonberry (Phytolacca dccandra)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Photo by Dr. Frank Overt on
Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History of Neellow in autumn.
The leaves, twigs, bark, and berries of Spicebush have a strong
aromatic odor and taste. In earlier days it was used in medicines,
but it is doubtful if the plant has any particular virtue in that re-
spect. It is used for tea, however, especially in the South. During
the Civil War, it was much used as a substitute for tea both by the
soldiers and by their friends at home. They used the leaves as well
as twigs and bark. The pioneers also used it in colonizing the
American wilderness. Andre Michaux, the French botanist, in
209 Spicebush
traveling through the American wilderness wrote in his journal
February 9, 1796, after stopping at a settler's cabin: "I had supped
the previous evening on tea made from the shrub called Spicewood.
A handful of young twigs or branches is set to boil and after it
has boiled at least a quarter of an hour, sugar is added and it is
drunk like tea. I was told that milk makes it much more agreeable
to the taste. This beverage restores strength, and it had that effect,
for I was very tired when I arrived."
I have made tea from both twigs and bark of the Spicebush and
find that when sugar and cream are added, it makes quite a pleasant
drink. However, I prefer Sassafras or Wintergrcen. It is claimed
that at the time of the American Revolution the berries were dried,
powdered, and used as a substitute for allspice.
SWEET BAY, OR RED BAY, OR LAUREL, OR
ISABELLA WOOD
Persea Borbonia
A THIRD member of the laurel family (the one to which the
Sassafras and Spicebush belong) is the Sweet Bay, which is found
from Delaware to Florida, west to Texas and as far north as
Arkansas. It grows along streams and in swamps near the coast,
apparently never away from the coastal plain. It is sometimes
shrublike, but usually is a small tree, thirty to fifty or even sixty
feet high, with dark reddish brown bark in flat ridges. The ever-
green leaves are two to five inches long, about one-third as wide,
often rather long-pointed at both ends. They are somewhat leathery
with entire margins, bright green above, pale beneath. The petioles
are a third of an inch to an inch long. From the axils of the leaves
arise small panicles of yellowish green perfect flowers. By "perfect"
we mean pistil and stamens are in the same flower. The Sassafras
and Spicebush are both dioecious ; that is, pistils on one tree or bush,
stamens on another. The blue, one-seeded berries on red pedicels
are quite like those of the Sassafras but are a little larger, about half
an inch in diameter. All parts of the tree are aromatic.
The dried leaves of the bay tree are much used in cooking, espe-
cially in the South. They are exceptionally important in Creole
cookery. In almost any grocery or drugstore in the country, at least
in those that sell spices, one can buy packages of Sweet Bay or
Laurel leaves. They are supposed to be from the Sweet Bay or
Laurel of southern Europe, Laurus nobilis, famed in song and story,
Sweet Bay 210
whose leaves were used to crown Greek heroes. The European
Laurel and the southern Sweet Bay are closely related, and I find
practically no difference in the flavor produced by each. Friends
of the writer in southeastern Texas who used both the leaves of the
wild Sweet Bay of the South and the store material are under the
impression that they not only are alike but come from the American
tree.
The name Laurel is rather unfortunate in this connection, for
the Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), a shrub belonging to an
entirely different family of plants, is somewhat poisonous, while the
Sweet Bay not only is harmless but gives off a pleasing aroma
wherever employed. The leaves are used in confections and to
flavor roasts and stews, also in "stuffing" or dressing for roast fowl
and other meats. They are used to flavor certain types of soups,
especially crab gumbo.
Many people prefer to collect and dry their own leaves. The
best time for this purpose is early summer just after the new growth
has been made, although they can be gathered at any season since
the tree is evergreen. The leaves should be carefully gathered and
washed, then spread out to dry. When thoroughly dry they may be
kept for a year or two. We collected some in Texas and used them
when the occasion demanded.
The Sweet Bay has been in favor since colonial times. The
southern colonists probably learned its use because it so closely re-
sembles the Laurel or Sweet Bay of Europe, or they may have
learned its use from the Indians. In passing, it may be of interest
to know that the Avocado, or Alligator Pear (Persea gratissima),
is a brother of the Sweet Bay described above; both are members
of the same genus.
APPLE (FOR CIDER)
Pyrus malus
DESCRIBED under Edible Wild Fruits.
KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE, OR CHICOT, OR
AMERICAN COFFEE BEAN
Gymnocladus dioica
THE Kentucky Coffee Tree reaches a maximum diameter of
nearly three feet and a height of about ninety feet. The great ma-
jority of trees are much smaller. The gray bark is rough, rather
211 Kentucky Coffee Tree
deeply fissured, often covered with rather thin recurved scales. The
leaves are doubly compound and sometimes are nearly three feet
long and two feet wide. The secondary leafstalks have each from
seven to fifteen leaflets. The Q\ ate leaflets are rounded at the base,
sharp-pointed, with entire or wavy margins. The greenish white
flowers in terminal racemes appear in June. The legumes or seed
pods are reddish brown with a grayish bloom, five to eight inches
long, an inch and a half wide, flattened but quite heavy. There are
six to nine seeds, each surrounded by a dark sweetish pulp. The
slightly oval flattish seeds are nearly three-fourths of an inch long,
grayish brown, very hard.
The Kentucky Coffee Tree ranges from central New York to
South Dakota, south to Tennessee and Oklahoma. It is planted as
a shade or ornamental tree farther east. As a wild tree it is rather
rare, and one is much more likely to find it in cultivation. It pre-
fers a rich, moist soil, and usually grows in lowlands along streams.
This is one of the last trees to come out in leaf in the spring and
drops its leaves quite early in autumn. The branchlets are few and
stout corresponding to the size of the leaf. The French Canadians
call it Chicot, which means "stump," and the generic name means
"naked branch" ; the tree is without leaves such a long period of the
year. The large seed pods on thick stems generally remain on the
tree all winter.
The pioneers apparently made much use of the seeds of this tree,
which were roasted and ground, then used as a substitute for coffee.
This was in the interior of our country before and during the Revo-
lutionary War. Kentucky was settled early, when it was practically
impossible to get commercial coffee to that region. It is claimed that
the seeds were roasted and eaten by the Indians. It is also recorded
that Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1820, when en-
camped on the Missouri River, used these seeds as a substitute for
coffee and found the drink wholesome and palatable.
STAGHORN SUMAC, OR LEMONADE TREE
Rhus hirta
Rhus typhina
THE sumacs are well known to most country people. The com-
mon Staghorn Sumac is our largest species, growing to a height of
more than thirty feet and a diameter of nearly six inches. The
young twigs are densely covered with velvety hairs resembling the
Staghorn Sumac 212
horns of a stag in appearance and mode of branching. The bark is
smooth, the juice or sap milky, the pith large, and the wood orange
streaked with green. The pinnate leaves are about twenty inches
long with eleven to twenty-nine leaflets, the average number being
about twenty-one. The oblong-lanceolate leaflets are three to five
inches long, sharp-pointed, rounded at the base with saw-toothed
edges. They are dark green above and pale beneath. The flowers
Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina)
occur in dense terminal panicles. The blossoms are small, yellowish
green. The calyx is five-lobed, and the corolla has five petals. The
blooming period is June sometimes later. Some trees bear stamens
only, and others have the pistillate blossoms. The staminate panicles
are sometimes nearly a foot long and spreading. The fertile panicles
are smaller and very dense, making a compact fruit cluster. The
small, one-seeded drupes, or berries, covered with crimson hairs,
mature early in autumn and remain on the trees all winter.
The Staghorn Sumac grows in dry, gravelly, or rocky soil from
Nova Scotia to South Dakota, and south to Georgia, Indiana, and
Iowa. It is generally clustered, spreading by the roots, in thickets,
along the borders of woods, fences, or frequently in old fields. It
grows rapidly but is short-lived.
The fruit of the Staghorn Sumac is very sour; hence the name
213 Stay horn Sumac
Vinegar Tree which is sometimes applied to this species. When
the berries are placed in water for a short time, a pleasing and agree-
able drink is formed, known to boys as "Indian lemonade." For this
purpose the berries are best in late summer or early autumn.
The Smooth or Scarlet Sumac, Rhus glabra, is a shrub five to
fifteen feet tall. It is quite similar to the Staghorn in general ap-
pearance, especially at a distance, but the young twigs are smooth
with a pale bluish or whitish bloom. The flower and fruiting pan-
icles are also quite similar to those of the Staghorn. The fruits have
the same sour taste and are just as good for making Indian lemon-
ade. They are sometimes used as a substitute for lemon juice. The
Smooth Sumac is common in neglected fields, along roadsides and
borders of woods, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Louisiana.
The Dwarf or Mountain Sumac, Rhus copallina, is a shrub or,
in the southern part of its range, sometimes a small tree. It is quite
similar to the two preceding species, but the rachis, or leaf stem, to
which the leaflets are attached is wing-margined a feature that
distinguishes it from the other sumacs. It grows in dry soil from
Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. It is generally
most common in mountainous regions. Its panicles of bright red
fruits may also be used for making Indian lemonade.
THE FRAGRANT OR SWEET-SCENTED SUMAC
Rhus canadensis
Rhus aromatica
Schmaltzia crenata
THE Fragrant Sumac is a sweet-scented shrub usually only a
few feet high. The leaves have three leaflets which are aromatic
when crushed. The bright red fruits, which occur in small clusters,
are very acid. I know by experiment that they can be used in mak-
ing Indian lemonade. The Fragrant Sumac is a shrub of rocky
situations from Vermont, Ontario, and Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas.
The Ill-Scented Sumac, or Squawbush, Rhus trilobata, Schmalt-
zia trilobata, is very similar to the last species and by many botanists
is considered only a variety of it. It is native from Illinois to Texas,
west to the Pacific Coast. Dr. Harvey M. Hall in his Yosemite
Flora says of this shrub: "The Squaw Bush is of great service to the
Squawbush 214
Indians who utilize the split stems in basketry and who prepare a
refreshing beverage by soaking the berries in water."
The Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron, the Poison Oak, Rhus
quercifolia, and the Poison Sumac, Rhus vernix, all have white
fruits and cannot well be confused with any of the above described
species, all of which have red fruits.
LEMONADE BERRY
Rhus integrifolia
THICKETS of this shrub are often found on hillsides and growing
about the sand dunes of southern California. It does not extend far
back from the coast. The evergreen leaves are rounded at the apex.
The red berries are arranged in stiff panicled spikes. They are
larger than those of most other sumacs and excrete an acid sub-
stance that, when soaked in water, makes an excellent drink. The
Indians made use of it, as do boys of this age. I have tried the bev-
erage and find it a good substitute for lemonade.
NEW JERSEY TEA, OR REDROOT
Ceanothus americanus
THE New Jersey Tea is a common shrub that inhabits dry sandy
or gravelly soil in open woods and thickets from Maine to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Texas. The upright stems, usually sev-
eral from the same root cluster, are one to three feet tall. The
alternate ovate leaves are two or three inches long, less than half
as wide, pointed at the apex, base often heart-shaped, edges saw-
toothed, rather strongly three-nerved. The small white flowers ap-
pear about the first of June. They are arranged in small dense
panicles on the ends of the branches. The shrub is conspicuous in
blossom. In fact, it is attractive and decorative in cultivation. Few
wild flowers attract such a variety of insects as the blossoms of the
New Jersey Tea. The red root makes an excellent dye.
This plant was used as a substitute for tea during the American
Revolution, especially by the soldiers, when Oriental tea, brought
in English vessels, was very unpopular, and its use considered un-
patriotic. The leaves were dried, and an infusion made from them
which was very palatable, but certainly not so pleasant as that of
real tea. However, it is a good substitute, and no doubt would
215 New Jersey Tea
cheer and refresh a tired soldier camping under unfavorable con-
ditions.
J have made tea from both the green and the dried leaves; the
latter are the better, and cream and sugar improve the flavor. When
I was discussing colonial life and customs before a women's club,
the refreshment committee, at the close of the meeting, served New
Jersey tea made from leaves which I had previously gathered and
dried. It added much interest to the meeting; and of the hundred
or more women who partook of this colonial beverage, some seemed
to enjoy it and spoke highly of its flavor.
CASSENA, OR YAUPON, OR INDIAN BLACK DRINK
Ilex vomitoria
THE Yaupon is an evergreen holly of the southern states found
in swamps and along streams near the coast from Virginia to Florida,
west to Arkansas and Texas. It is generally a shrub, sometimes a
small tree, and often is so abundant as to form dense thickets. The
leathery leaves are small, usually little more than an inch long,
elliptic in outline with crenate or wavy edges. They are deep green
and shining above, pale beneath. The petioles are about an eighth
of an inch long. The small white flowers are in short axillary clus-
ters. There are four sepals, four corolla lobes, and four stamens.
The red berries are about one-fourth inch in diameter, or a little
smaller than those of the Holly (Ilex opaca).
From the leaves of this shrub, the American Indians obtained
their famous black drink. For this purpose the leaves were dried
and often toasted. It apparently was an article of trade among the
Indians, and in the interior of the country was used by the native
tribes on both sides of the Mississippi River. The leaves are often
used for tea along the south Atlantic coast and sometimes can be
purchased in the markets. When very strong, the tea occasionally
acts as an emetic. The shrub is a very close relative of the Mate,
or Paraguay Tea (Ilex paraguayensis), and the beverage is said to
be quite like that of the latter plant. As the shrub is evergreen, the
leaves may be gathered at any season.
In southeastern Texas, where this shrub is abundant and goes
under the name of Yaupon, I collected the leaves, washed and dried
them. I cared little for the tea made from them ; neither did I like
the Paraguay tea which I secured for comparison. To me, the flavor
Yaupon 216
of the two was quite alike. Both are said to be stimulating beverages,
and I think a person could develop a liking for them.
DAHOON HOLLY
Ilex Cassine
THE Dahoon Holly is a shrub found in swamps along the At-
lantic and Gulf coasts from Virginia to Louisiana. In some re-
spects it is quite like the species described above ; but the evergreen
leaves are larger, oblong, entire or sometimes toothed toward the
apex. The leaves are used for tea and are said to be sold in the mar-
kets along the south Atlantic coast. The Creek Indians were ap-
parently fond of the tea made from the toasted leaves.
LABRADOR TEA
Ledum groenlandicum
THE Labrador Tea is a beautiful evergreen shrub that grows
from one to three feet high. The twigs are densely covered with
wool. The alternate entire leaves are oblong in outline, blunt or
rounded at the end with the margins rolled in. They are one to two
inches long, dark green above, densely covered with light brown
wool beneath. The foliage is quite thick and leathery, and fragrant
when crushed in the hand.
The flowers of the Labrador Tea, which appear in early summer,
are on the ends of the twigs in short umbel-like clusters. The nu-
merous blossoms, less than half an inch across, are white, with five
spreading petals. The small calyx is five-toothed; there are usu-
ally five stamens and a five-celled seed pod.
This shrub is found growing in swamps, bogs, and damp woods
from Greenland and Labrador southwest to Connecticut, Pennsyl-
vania, Michigan, Minnesota, and Washington. It is common north-
ward, but in the southern part of its range is confined chiefly to
mountain swamps and bogs. It is said to have been used as a tea
during the Revolutionary War. I recently collected some in a
mountain bog in northern Pennsylvania and tested it out after the
leaves were dried. The tea had a slight aroma and a taste (to me)
somewhat like Oriental tea. It was not disagreeable, and I think
could be enjoyed by the camper. When a little lemon was added,
it made a fairly good iced tea. In speaking of this shrub, one author
says its juices are "bitter, astringent, and narcotic." The tea pre-
217
Labrador Tea
Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum)
pared by me showed none of these qualities; however, there was
apparently a slight physiological effect, and I would not advise
drinking more than a cup of this tea at one time. The Western
Labrador Tea, Ledum glandulosum, is said to be poisonous.
WINTERGREEN, OR MOUNTAIN TEA
Gaultheria procumbens
DESCRIBED under Edible Wild Fruits.
CREEPING SNOWBERRY
Chiogenes hispidula
DESCRIBED under Edible Wild Fruits.
Spearmint 2 1 8
SPEARMINT, OR COMMON MINT
Mentha spicata
THE Spearmint, well known to the ancients, is a native of Eu-
rope and Asia, but was introduced into this country more than two
hundred years ago and is now well established. It may be found
along watercourses and in wet places from Nova Scotia to Wash-
ington on the Pacific Coast, south to Florida, Texas, and California.
This is a smooth perennial with creeping roots. It grows from
one to two feet tall, branched, with opposite lanceolate leaves. The
leaves are sessile or nearly so, toothed, long-pointed or sharp at the
apex, narrowed at the base. The pale purple flowers are whorled
in slender, terminal, interrupted spikes.
The Spearmint, like the other species of this genus, is used more
for flavoring than it is for a beverage. The oil is distilled in the same
manner as that of Peppermint and is used for flavoring chexving
gum and candies. This plant is often grown in gardens for house-
hold use and is served with vinegar as a sauce for roast lamb. In
some parts of the country, it is called Lamb Mint. Sprigs of it are
often used for making mint julep and mint jelly.
The American Wild Mint, Mentha canadcnsis, found from New
Brunswick to Virginia, west to the Pacific Coast, is a common plant
in low or marshy ground. It is sometimes cultivated in gardens for
its fragrant odor and pleasing taste. It is used for flavoring. The
Indians of Maine roasted the leaves before a fire and ate them with
salt in the belief that they were nourishing.
PEPPERMINT
Mentha piperita
WE are all familiar with the taste and odor of peppermint, but
not many people know the plant as it grows along brooksides and
ditches and in wet places. It is a perennial spreading by creeping
rootstocks. The square stems characteristic of the mint family grow
from one to two feet tall. They are usually purplish, branching
near the summit. The opposite leaves, on short petioles, are ovate-
lanceolate, with sharp-toothed edges and pointed apex. They are
from one to three inches long and about half as wide, very strongly
scented with peppermint. The flowers are in terminal spikes, one
to three inches long, generally dense but sometimes loose or inter-
219 Peppermint
rupted. The numerous purple-pink blossoms are nearly a quarter of
an inch long or about the same length as the four stamens.
The Peppermint is native of Europe and Asia but was early in-
troduced into America and is now a common plant from Nova
Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. It is largely
cultivated for the pungent oil found in glands in the leaves. This
is obtained by pressure and distillation. Southern Michigan is the
center of the peppermint oil industry, and is said to produce half of
the world's supply of peppermint oil. Northern Indiana and the
southern part of New York State also produce it. Peppermint is
much more used in candy making than any other flavoring sub-
stance. It also has a medicinal value. The leaves are sometimes used
for seasoning and the plant is occasionally grown in gardens for this
purpose. The householder can get the flavoring from fresh leaves
by boiling them in water for a few minutes and using the solution
which contains the oil.
CHIA
Salvia columbariae
DESCRIBED under Edible Seeds and Seed Pods.
CHICORY
Cichorium Intybus
DESCRIBED under Salad Plants.
SWEET GOLDENROD
Solidago odora
AMONG all our goldenrods more than fifty species are found in
the northeastern United States there is at least one that appeals
to both sight and smell. It is the Sweet or Anise-Scented Goldenrod,
the name being derived not from the flower cluster but from the
odor of the crushed leaves. The majority of these plants are strik-
ing in appearance but have odors that are not pleasant.
The Sweet Goldenrod ranges from Maine and Vermont south to
Florida and west to Missouri and Texas. It grows in fertile but
dry or sandy soil along the borders of thickets, in open woods, or on
Sweet Goldenrod 220
sunny hillsides. It is a slender species, growing only two or three
feet high, often reclining. The lanceolate leaves are two to four
inches long and about half an inch wide, sessile, sharp-pointed, with
entire margins and a prominent midvein. The leaves have numer-
ous tiny clear dots which secrete an aniselike fragrance. The spread-
ing racemes of yellow flowers form a one-sided panicle. It blooms
from July to September.
The fragrant leaves, when dried and steeped in water, form a
beverage that is quite pleasing. The plant is sometimes referred to
as Blue Mountain Tea. I find it recorded that the dried flowers
make a pleasant and wholesome tea substitute. Charles F. Saunders
in his Useful Wild Plants says of this species: "In some parts of
the country, the gathering of the leaves to dry and peddle in the
winter has formed a minor rural industry, yielding a modest reve-
nue." In Alphonso Wood's Manual of Botany we find it recorded:
"The only species of solidago which has properties generally con-
sidered agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic and yield by
distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs. They
are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China."
ADDITIONAL PLANTS USED FOR BEVERAGES
AND FLAVORING
Bird's-Foot Fern, or Tea Fern, or Bird's-Foot Cliff Brake,
Pellaea ornithopus. This fern, which grows in dry, often rocky situ-
ations from near sea level to six thousand feet, is often used as a
beverage. It is native to California. The tea made by steeping the
stems and leaves is tasty and somewhat aromatic. I recall once camp-
ing with gold prospectors in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. When
we ran out of Oriental tea and could obtain no more, we used this
as a substitute and found it agreeable. The miners spoke of it as
rock-fern tea. The plants may be gathered at any time, for it is
evergreen.
Douglas Spruce, or Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Native
from California to Alaska. A tea made from the leaves of this
magnificent tree is used by the Indians and sometimes by the whites.
Black Spruce, Picea mariana, and Red Spruce, Picea rubra, are
common trees of southern Canada and the northern border of the
United States, farther south in the mountains, whose young twigs
and leaves are used in making the famous beverage, "spruce beer."
Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, sometimes called Spruce Pine or
221 Beverage Plants
Hemlock Spruce, is a familiar tree in the north, extending south
in the mountains to Alabama. A tea made from the leaves was used
by the Indians, who apparently relished it. The lumbermen of
Maine and Canada often resort to hemlock tea.
Desert Tea, or Teamsters' Tea, Ephedra sp. The Desert Tea is
a shrub two to five feet high belonging to the joint-fir family, related
to the junipers. There are three or four cpecics very much alike, all
growing in the dry regions of the Southwest. The leaves are reduced
to mere bracts in whorls around the joints. A tea made by boiling
the branches has long been used medicinally and has since become
a popular beverage with both the Indians and the whites. It is some-
times called Mexican tea.
Sweet Gale, Myrica Gale. The Sweet Gale is a shrub two to
four feet high growing in swamps and along ponds and lakes from
Newfoundland to Alaska, south along the northern tier of states,
and in the mountains to Virginia. The leaves have a pungent spicy
odor, said to be valuable in giving a pleasant flavor to roasts.
Sweet Fern, Myrica asplenifolia, Comfitonia peregrina, is a shrub
one to three feet tall with fernlike leaves that when crushed give off
a pleasing sweet fragrance. It grows on dry wooded hillsides and in
neglected fields from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to North
Carolina and Indiana. The leaves are reported to have been dried
and used for tea during the Revolution. I have not tried it.
Sweet Bay, or Laurel Magnolia, Magnolia virginiana. The
Sweet Bay is a shrub or small tree deciduous in the North, but
evergreen in the South. Found in swamps east of the mountains
from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to Arkansas and
Texas. It is said that the leaves give flavor to roasts and gravy and
perfume is made from the very fragrant flowers.
Purple or Water Avens, Geum rivale. This perennial plant
grows in swamps and wet ground from Newfoundland to New
Jersey, west to Alberta and Colorado. It has an aromatic root and
an orange-purple flower about an inch across. The purplish root
is used in making a beverage used as a substitute for cocoa. The
plant is sometimes called Chocolate Root from its color and use.
Coffee Senna or Coffeeweed, Cassia occidentalis, is a native of
tropical America and also of the old world. It has spread into the
United States from Virginia to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas.
The seeds, known as Magdad coffee, are roasted and used as a sub-
stitute for real coffee. Even in Africa it is used as a coffee substitute.
Chaparral Tea or Encinilla, Croton corymbulosus, grows from
Western Texas to Arizona and south into Mexico. The flowering
Beverage Plants 222
tops boiled in water make a very palatable drink. According to
Havard, the colored soldiers of the southwestern frontier in our
country preferred it to coffee.
The Appalachian Tea, or Evergreen Winterberry, Ilex glabra,
grows from Nova Scotia to Florida, mainly near the coast. Dried
leaves of this shrub are used as a substitute for Paraguay tea.
The Black Alder, or Winterberry, Ilex verticillata, is a shrub
in swampy or wet places from Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to
Florida and Missouri. Its leaves have also been used as a substitute
for Oriental tea.
Wild Coffee, or Horse Gentian, Triosteum perfoliatum, also
called Feverwort and Tinker's Weed, grows in rich woods and
along fences and roadsides from Massachusetts to Nebraska, south
to Alabama and Missouri. The dried and toasted berries are said
to have been used by the early Pennsylvania Germans as a substi-
tute for coffee and pronounced good.
Yerba Buena, Micromeria chamissonis, is an aromatic little plant
of the Pacific Coast, belonging to the mint family. The dried leaves
steeped in water make a palatable beverage.
Ground Ivy, Gill-over-the-Ground, Nepeta hederacea, Glecoma
hederacea. Introduced from Europe, now extending from New-
foundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas, and
Colorado. It is said that the poor in England often use the leaves
for making tea.
Garden or Lemon Balm, Melissa officinalis. This lemon-scented
plant is a native of Europe. It was planted in gardens in this coun-
try and has now escaped from Maine to Georgia, west to Missouri.
It is used in seasoning, to flavor liquors, and in medicines. It was
once cultivated for these purposes.
Oswego Tea, or Bee Balm, Monarda didyma, is a fragrant plant
with large heads of scarlet flowers. It may be found from Quebec
to Michigan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Tea is sometimes
made from the leaves. Its strong mint flavor is sometimes employed
in cooking. It frequently is mentioned in lists of pot and sweet herbs.
The Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa, and other species of Mo-
narda have the same properties as the Oswego Tea.
Several additional plants belonging to the mint family were
brought into this country from Europe for flavoring or other cul-
inary purposes and have escaped. Among these we may mention
the Common Horehound, Marrubium vulgare, Summer Savory,
Satureja hortensis, Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, Marjoram, Ori-
ganum vulgare, probably the most abundant weed of the south-
Beverage Plants
ern Catskill Mountains, Wild Thyme, Thymus Serpyllum, prob-
ably the most abundant plant of the northern Catskill Mountains,
Horsemint, Mentha longifolia, and Field Mint, Mentha arvensis.
The Fragrant Giant Hyssop, Agastache Foeniculum, a native mint,
was used by the Indians of the Missouri valley for making a bev-
erage and as a flavor in cooking.
Carolina Vanilla, or Vanilla Leaf, Trilisa odoratissima, is a plant
belonging to the thistle family. It grows in pine woods from Vir-
ginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. The crushed leaves have the
odor of vanilla. In Florida it is used to some extent commercially
by tobacconists to flavor smoking tobacco.
SUGARS AND GUMS
A GREAT many flowers have glands that secrete nectar, a sweet
substance that bees gather and make into honey. Sugar is very com-
mon in the juices of fruits, and many plants and trees have sap that
is sweet and, when boiled down, forms syrup or sugar. For quality,
the peer of these is the Sugar Maple. Other plants and trees have
a resinous substance with their sap. Some of these exude a gummy
material that was chewed by the American Indians long before the
advent of white people. A few have become popular with the whites
and are even sold commercially. The gums are often mixed with
sugar which dissolves in the chewing.
SUGAR PINE
Pinus lambertiana
THE Sugar Pine has thick brown bark with rough ridges, and
five leaves or needles in a cluster. The leaves are two to four inches
long. The cones are about six inches thick when opened, and thir-
teen inches long sometimes longer. This is a common tree in the
mountains of California and Oregon. John Muir, who admired
beautiful trees, called it the Queen of the Sierras. When it is cut
into or is injured, the exuding sap forms lumps of a sugary sub-
stance that is at first white but later turns brown. Muir thought
this was the best of sweets. I have collected it fresh from the trees
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and found it sweet, but cared
little for the resinous quality. However, many young people in the
mountains seem to relish it. The sugar gradually dissolves, leaving
a gummy substance which might serve for chewing gum.
BALSAM FIR, OR FIR TREE
Abies balsamea
THE Balsam Fir is a slender tree, sometimes reaching a height of
eighty feet or even more; in the Arctic regions and on mountain
225
Balsam Fir 226
tops it is small often only a few feet high. The bark is smooth,
warty with "balsam blisters." The leaves are dark green above,
paler beneath, flat, nearly an inch long. The cones are two to four
inches long, slightly more than an inch thick, standing erect from
the upper side of the branches. The Balsam Fir ranges from New-
foundland and Labrador to Hudson Hay and Alberta, south to
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Iowa. It generally grows in
damp woods and swamps, but is often found on mountain tops where
evaporation goes on slowly.
Canada balsam is the resinous pitch that exudes from the trunks,
forming lumps or blisters. When refined, it is used in the arts, es-
pecially in the mounting of microscope slides. Residents of the
northern United States and Canada generally refer to it as "spruce
gum." It has a resinous but not disagreeable flavor and was much
used for chewing before the days of pleasantly flavored commercial
chewing gums. In many places throughout its range, it was regu-
larly bought and sold at the stores. For chewing purposes, it was
generally molded into short sticks. People make a regular business
of going into forests of Fir Trees, gathering the gum, and taking it
to market. Robert Frost, the poet, describes one of these spruce-
gum collectors:
He showed me lumps of the scented stuff,
Like uncut jewels, dull and rough.
It comes to the market golden brown ;
But turns to pink between the teeth. 1
I am told that the pitch of the White Pine, Pinus Strobus, is some-
times substituted for that of the Balsam, but it is too sticky and
generally has to be boiled before using. The taste is rather disagree-
able.
REED, OR COMMON REED GRASS
Phragmites communis
Phragmites Phragmites
THE Common Reed Grass is found in swamps, marshes, and wet
places over almost the entire United States, southern Canada, and
northern Mexico. It is also found in Europe and Asia. The culms,
1 From "Mountain Interval" by Robert Frost. Used by special permission
of the publishers, Henry Holt and Company.
227 Reed Grass
or stalks, are stout, usually about an inch thick and five to twelve
feet high. The leaves are about an inch wide and generally less than
a foot long. The panicle is crowded and plumy, six inches to a foot
long. From the large panicle and the size of the stalk, the plant is
sometimes called Wild liroomcorn. It rarely produces seed, but
spreads by its long horizontal rootstocks.
It is claimed that the Indians ate the roots of the reed, but they
were fonder of the sugar it produced. Owing to accident or to the
attack of insects which puncture the stem, a pasty substance exudes
which hardens into gum. This the Indians collect and compress into
balls to be eaten at pleasure. Dr. F. V. Coville says the Indians of
Mohave Desert collect the plants in marshes, dry the stalks, grind
them, and sift out the flour. This contains so much sugar that when
placed near a fire, it swells, turns brown, and is then eaten like
taffy. Of course this suggests roasted marshmallows. Dr. Palmer
records a former practice of the Indians, who cut the reeds after
the sugar had hardened, and placed them on blankets; attcr they
had enough, the sugar was shaken oil and dissolved in water, form-
ing a sweet, nourishing drink.
SWEET GUM, OR RED GUM, OR BILSTED
Liquidambar Styracillua
THE Sweet Gum, or Lkjuidambar, is a large forest tree found
in damp woods on the coastal plain from Connecticut to Florida
and Texas, north in the Mississippi valley to Missouri and Illinois.
The gray bark is rough with corky ridges on the branches. The
glossy green leaves are star-shaped, that is, with five to seven pointed
lobes. In autumn, they turn various shades of red and purple. The
fertile and sterile blossoms are in separate heads. The fertile ones,
or those containing the pistils, are on long stems. They form a
round, spinose ball nearly an inch and a half in diameter, contain-
ing numerous two-beaked capsules.
When the tree is injured, a pleasantly scented balsamic sap fol-
lows, which, when it hardens, forms a resin or gum. This gum,
copal-balsam or copalm, is sometimes used as a substitute for storax.
The storax of commerce comes from two other species of Liquidam-
bar growing in southeastern Asia. According to Willard N. Clute,
the resinous gum that our species produces is sometimes used as
chewing gum.
Sweet Gum
228
Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua)
SUGAR MAPLE, OR SUGAR TREE, OR ROCK MAPLE
Acer saccharum
THE Sugar Maple is a large forest tree with upright branches,
the lateral ones often wide-spreading. The bark of old trees is dark
gray or brownish, scaly, channeled, forming wide flat ridges. Young
trees have bark that is brownish gray and nearly smooth. The
leaves have long stalks, or petioles. The blades are dark green above,
paler beneath, about as wide as long, with five or occasionally three
long-pointed irregular or coarse-toothed lobes. The yellow flowers
appear just as the leaves are beginning to unfold, or often a few days
earlier. They are long-stalked and drooping, making the tree con-
spicuous in bloom. The winged seeds, or samaras, are about an inch
and a half long, and ripen in the autumn.
The Sugar Maple is found in rich woods, often on hillsides, from
Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. The
wood is very valuable for lumber, unusually so when it is of the
bird's-eye and curly varieties. Many people consider the Sugar
Maple to be the most valuable hardwood species in America. The
229 Sugar Maple
autumn foliage is probably the most beautiful of all our trees, turn-
ing to bright yellow, orange, or even scarlet, so that it is especially
desirable for roadside planting.
From the latter part of February to early April, depending on
the latitude and season, holes are bored in maple trees into which
spiles are driven. The cool clear sweet sap drips into pails or troughs
and is then taken to the "sugarhouse" and boiled down into syrup
or maple sugar, as the owner desires. On an average, about fifteen
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)
quarts of the sap is required to make one pound of sugar. The
amount varies greatly, however, the sap of some trees being much
sweeter than that of others. Five or six pounds to a tree is about an
average. Dr. Romeyn B. Hough made twenty-three pounds of sugar
from one tree in a season without reboring, and thirty pounds from
one tree has been recorded. I knew a very large tree on my father's
farm that dripped eighteen gallons of sap in twenty-four hours.
Clear days after frosty nights are best for sugar making.
The mere mention of maple sugar or maple syrup will call forth
a chain of recollections to those who have lived in the country where
this tree abounds. Some of the most pleasant recollections of my
boyhood are connected with the making of these sweets "tapping"
the trees, gathering the sap, and boiling it down in the great pan in
the sugarhouse in the woods. There was always enough weirdness
Sugar Maple 230
about the whole process to excite our imaginations, especially in the
evening as we sat around the foaming pan eating apples, telling
stories, and occasionally drinking of the syrup which was becoming
more and more sweet. Another pleasing pastime was making maple
sugar taffy and "sugaring off" pouring the melted candy on snow
and eating it with a fork a pastime often indulged in by older folks.
It is believed that the white people learned to make sugar from
the maple tree from the Indians. Probably the earliest account was
written about 1700. It tells how the Indians gathered the sap in
bark or skin vessels, and boiled it down in a crude way. The report
says that the sugar lacks the pleasing, delicate taste of cane sugar,
and almost always has a burnt flavor. Now we consider it the finest
of all sweets.
Along the south shore of Lake Superior in March, 1823, Henry
Schoolcraft visited with the Indians while they were making sugar
from the Rock Maple trees. Almost all the Indians of the neigh-
borhood went to the maple forests. The sap was kept in large ox-
hide vats, but the boiling was done in kettles. The Indians were so
fond of the sugar that very little was preserved beyond the sugar
making season.
BLACK SUGAR MAPLE
Acer nigrum
THIS is a large forest tree, very similar to the Sugar Maple in
fact, so much so that the average observer would take it for one and
indeed many botanists consider it only a variety of the latter tree.
Its bark is darker, and the leaves not so light beneath as those of
the Sugar Maple; and the lobes are broader and shorter. The two
species have much the same range, but the Black Sugar Maple does
not extend so far south. It seems to be more common in the western
part of its range. The sap is sweet and yields much sugar.
RED MAPLE, OR SWAMP MAPLE
Acer rubrum
THE Red Maple is a large forest tree with light gray bark, nearly
smooth or somewhat flaky in old trees. The twigs have a reddish
tinge often quite red where the growth is rapid. The leaves have a
heart-shaped base, three to five irregular toothed lobes which are
sharp at the base. The leaves are smooth and dark green above, very
231 Red Maple
pale beneath. The red or yellowish odorous blossoms in lateral
clusters make this tree a pleasing feature of the landscape in early
spring. The winged fruits are small rarely more than an inch long
and drop early. The foliage turns crimson in autumn.
The Red Maple usually grows in swamps and low ground from
Nova Scotia to Manitoba south to Florida and Texas. It produces
much sap, which is less sweet than that of the Sugar Maple.
SILVER MAPLE, OR SOFT OR WHITE MAPLE
Acer saccharinum
THE Silver Maple is a large forest tree with light gray, flaky
bark and wide-spreading branches. The leaves are deeply five-lobed,
green above, silvery white beneath. The flowers, usually pale yel-
low, appear in early spring. The winged fruits are large two inches
or more long and mature early.
The Silver Maple is generally found in low grounds and along
streams from New Brunswick to Florida, west to South Dakota
and Oklahoma. It is rather scarce in the mountains. The sap pro-
duces sugar, but it is not so very sweet.
BOX ELDER, OR ASH-LEAVED MAPLE
Acer Negundo
THE Ash-Leaved Maple is a wide-spreading forest tree found
along streams, lake shores, and in lowlands from Maine to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Mexico. It is rare along the Atlantic
coast but is frequently planted and often escapes. The leaves have
three to five leaflets which are slightly lobed, toothed, or entire.
They do not resemble those of a maple tree. The wood is soft, weak,
and light. The sap produces sugar but is less sweet than that of the
Sugar Maple. In Illinois and elsewhere, groves of this tree have
been planted for making sugar and syrup. The tree is easily grown.
The Sugarbush, Rhus ovata, which grows on dry hills, especially
along the mountains in southern California, has glossy evergreen
leaves and stiff panicles of flowers. The berries are red. Dr. Jepson
says, "The sweetish waxen covering of the berries is used by the
native tribes for sugar."
Skeleton Weed 232
SKELETON WEED
Lygodesmia juncea
THIS is a stiff erect perennial, closely related to the Wild Lettuce.
The much-branched stems grow eight to sixteen inches high. The
lower leaves are an inch or two long and very narrow. The upper
leaves are similar but much smaller, often reduced to narrow scales.
The pink flower heads, composed of five flowers, are at the ends of
the branches.
The Skeleton Weed is found from Wisconsin and Minnesota to
Montana, south to Missouri and New Mexico. The plants are
often infested with small round galls which contain much gum.
According to M. R. Gilmore, this plant was used by the Indians of
the Missouri River valley for producing chewing gum. He says:
"The stems were gathered and cut into pieces to cause the juice to
exude. When this hardened, it was collected and used for chewing."
COMPASS PLANT, OR PILOTWEED
Silphium laciniatum
THE Compass Plant, often called Rosinweed, is a rough, coarse
perennial, six to twelve feet high. The large basal leaves are cut
almost to the midrib, forming numerous narrow lobes. The alter-
nate, sessile stem leaves have their edges vertical, generally pointing
north and south. The yellow flower heads are three or four inches
across and resemble those of a Wild Sunflower.
The Compass Plant is found on prairies from Ohio to South Da-
kota, south to Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The stalk is very
resinous, and according to M. R. Gilmore the Indian children
gather chewing gum from the upper parts of the stem, where the
gum exudes, forming large lumps.
MUSHROOMS
EDIBLE mushrooms are so numerous, and so many popular books
have recently appeared on the subject, that 1 will pass them by with
mere mention. From spring until late autumn, the student of mush-
rooms can usually find edible species growing in abundance unless
the season is too dry. Within ten miles of New York City, the
writer has collected and eaten wild mushrooms every month in the
year. This cannot be done every year, however, for during very cold
winters, I should not expect to find them from January to April.
Several species are apt to be abundant in November and December,
Mushrooms should be studied and learned like flowering plants.
When a species is in doubt, it should not be eaten. I have collected^
prepared, and eaten more than sixty species of edible fungi. Thi*
is only a beginning, however, for hundreds are known to be edible.
Often in camping in the woods, I have made use of mushrooms,
frying them with bacon or stewing them to use for soups, and find
that they give splendid relief from the monotony of canned goods.
The following species I have found to be excellent in quality and
flavor.
Meadow Mushroom
Field Mushroom
Red Hypholoma
Shaggy-Mane
Ink Cap
Glistening Coprinus
Parasol Mushroom
Honey Mushroom
Root Mushroom
Velvet Collybia
Elm Mushroom
Oyster Mushroom
Delicious Milky Mushroom
Green Russula
Chanterelle
Fairy Ring
233
Agaricus campestris
Agaric us arvensis
Hypholoma perplexum
Coprinus comatus
Coprinus atramentarius
Coprinus micaceus
Lepiota procera
Armillaria m el lea
Collybia radicata
Collybia velutipes
Pleurotus ulmarius
Pleurotus os treat us
Lactarius deliciosus
Russula vires cens
Cantharellus cibariut
Marasmius oreades
Mushrooms 234
Pluteus Pluteus cervinus
Pine Cone Mushroom Strobilomyces strobilaceus
Beefsteak Mushroom Fistulina hepatica
Sulphus Mushroom Polyporus sulphureus
Coral Fungus Hydnum coralloides
Bear's-Head Hydnum caput-ursi
Giant Puffball Lycoperdon giganteum
Beaker Puffball Lycoperdon cyathiforme
Edible Morel Morchella esculenta
All species of puffballs are good when fresh, that is when pure
white within. All mushrooms should be eaten fresh.
EDIBLE PLANTS
of Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada,
west to Mississippi River
Wild Fruits
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Amelanchier Bar-
tramiana ( Ob-
1 ong -Fruited
Juneberry)
Shrub 3-8 ft. high,
fr. dark purple Xi
in. in diam.
N.Y. and n.
July
and
Aug.
39
Amelanchier cana-
densis (Juneber-
ry)
Small tree, smooth
bark, fr. dark red
l /4~ l /3 in. in diam.
N.S. to Ont.
s. to Fla. and
La.
June
to
Aug.
37
Amelanchier inter-
media ( Sugar
Pear)
Shrub or small tree,
fr. dark purple with
bloom J/j in. in
diam.
Eastern U.S.
July
and
Aug.
39
Asimina triloba
(Papaw)
Small tree, Ivs.
large, entire fr. 4
in. long, i l /2 in.
thick, yellowish
N.J. to Mich,
and Nebr. s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Sept.
and
Oct.
9
green
Berberis vulgaris
(European Bar-
berry)
Shrub 8 ft. high, fls.
yellow, fr. oblong,
scarlet, l / 2 in. long
Eastern and
middle states
Summer
to
autumn
ii
Celtis crassifolia
(Rough - Leaved
Hackberry)
Tree, Ivs. downy,
elmlike, fr. purplish
black */5 in. in diam.,
i-seeded
Eastern U.S.
w. to Plains
Autumn
and
winter
S
Celtisoccidentalis
(Hackberry)
Tree, Ivs. smooth,
elmlike, fr. dark
brown l /$ in. in
Eastern U.S.
w. to plains
Autumn
and
winter
3
diam., i-seeded
Chiogenes hispidula
(Creeping Snow-
berry)
Creeping evergreen
shrub, Ivs. small,
berries white l /2 in.
long
Lab. to B.C.,
s. to N.C.,
Mich, and
Minn.
Aug.
and
Sept.
76
235
Index
236
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Crataegus sp. (Red
Haws)
Diospyros virgini-
ana (Persimmon)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrubs or small
trees with thorns,
fr. red l /2\ Yb in '
Tree, bark dark,
rough, fr. orange
1-1^2 in. in diam.
Fragaria vesca
(Wood Straw-
berry)
Fragaria virgini-
ana (Wild Straw-
berry)
Gaultheria procum-
bens (Winter-
green)
Oaylussacia bacca-
ta (Black Huck-
leberry)
Gaylussacia fron-
dosa (Dangle-
berry)
Stemless herb, leaf-
lets 3, berry red,
seeds on surface
Stemless, 3 leaflets,
berry scarlet, seeds
in pits
Evergreen shrub,
4 in. high, berries
red Y& in. in diam.
Shrub, 2 ft. high,
twigs brown, fr.
black X$ in. in diam.
Shrub, 2 ft. high,
twigs brown, fr.
blue with bloom
1 A in.
Mitchella repens Creeping, evergreen
(Partridgeberry) herb, fr. red, l /$ in.
in diam.
Morns alba (White
Mulberry)
Morns nigra (Black
Mulberry)
Morus rubra (Red
Mulberry)
Nyssa sylvatica
(Sour Gum)
Tree, Ivs. smooth
and shining, fr.
white
Tree, Ivs. rough, fr.
fleshy, black
Tree, Ivs. large,
lobed, fr. i-ifXz in.
long, purple-black
Tree, rough bark,
Ivs. entire, fr. 54
in. long, black,
i-seeded
IN
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Eastern U.S.
Aug.
40
to
Oct.
Conn, to la.
Oct.
77
and Kans. s.
to
to Fla. and
Jan.
Tex.
N.B. to N.J.
June
21
w. to Ore.
and
July
N.B. to Sask.
June
2O
s. to Fla. and
and
Tex.
July
Nfld. to Man.
Through-
67
s. to Ga. and
out year
Mich.
Nfld. to Ga.
July
68
w. to Minn.
and
and Ky.
Aug.
N.H. s. and
July
69
w. to Fla.
to
and Ohio
Sept.
N . S . to Through- 81
Minn., s. to out year
Fla. and
Tex.
Eastern states June 8
w. to plains to
Aug.
Easternstates June 9
w. to plains to
Aug.
West N.E. to July 6
Dak. s. to and
Gulf. Aug.
Me. to Mich.
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Autumn 89
237
Index
SCIENTIFIC AMD
COMMON NAMES
Opuntia Rafmesquii
(Western Prickly
Pear)
Opuntia vulgaris
(Eastern Prickly
Pear)
Passiflora lutea
(Yellow Passion
Flower)
Physalis ixocarpa
(Tomatillo)
Physalis pubescens
(Ground Cher-
ry)
Podophyllum pelta-
tum (May Ap-
ple)
Prunus
alleghani-
(Porter's
Plum)
Prunus americana
(Wild Plum)
Prunus A vium
(Sweet Cherry)
Prunus Cerasus
(Sour Cherry)
CHARACTERISTICS
Cactus, spreading,
jointed, flat, prickly,
fr. 1-2 in. long, red
Cactus, spreading,
flat, jointed, prickly,
fr. 1-2 in. long, red
Vine, tendril climb-
ing, fls. yellow, fr.
l /2 in. in diam., pur-
pie
Branching annual,
fr. purple, in a husk
(calyx)
Branching annual,
fr. in husk, yellow,
l /2 in. in diam.
Plant 15 in. high, 2
Ivs., fr. pulpy, yel-
low, ovoid, 2 in.
long
Shrub or small tree,
f r. dark purple with
bloom l /2 in. in
diam.
Small tree, slightly
thorny, fr. i in. in
diam., red or yellow
Large tree, fr. in
umbels, black or
dark red, sweet
Tree, fr. in umbels,
round, red or dark
brown, sour
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Prunus hortulana Small tree, spread-
(Wild Goose ing, f r. bright red
Plum)
Prunus maritima
(Beach Plum)
Shrub 4 ft. high,
fr. round, $4-i in.
across, purple
Mich, and Summer 63
Minn., s. to and
Tex. autumn
Mass, to Fla. Summer
and Ala. and
near coast autumn
Pa. to 111. and Aug.
Kans., s. to to
Fla. and Oct.
Tex.
N.Y. to Tex.
and Calif.
N.Y. and Pa.
s. and w.
Conn, to Pa.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Que. to Fla. July
w. to plains and
Aug.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Conn, to Aug.
Mont. s. to to
Fla., Tex. Oct.
and N.M.
Eastern U.S. July
Eastern U.S. July
W.Va. to July
Kans. s. to and
Miss, and Aug.
Tex.
N.B. to Va. Aug.
near coast and
Sept.
61
60
80
79
43
44
Index
238
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Prunus nigra (Can-
ada Plum)
CHARACTERISTICS
Small tree, fr. oval
i in. long, orange-
red
Prunus pennsylva- Small slender tree,
nica (Pin Cher- fr. in umbels, round,
ry) red, J4 in - m diam.
Prunus pumila
(Sand Cherry)
Prunus serotina
(Black Wild
Cherry)
Prunus virginiana
(Choke Cherry)
Pyrus angustifolia
(Narrow-Leaved
Crab Apple)
Shrub 1-4 ft. high,
f r. in umbels, nearly
black, : /3 in. in diam.
Large tree, fr. in
racemes, black, l /z
in. in diam.
Shrub or small tree,
fr. in racemes, red
or brown, l /j in. in
diam.
Small tree, Ivs. ob-
long, toothed, fr. i
in. in diam.
Pyrus communis Tree slightly
(Choke Pear) thorny, escaped
from cult., fr. small
Pyrus coronaria Small tree some-
( American Crab what prickly, fr. i
Apple) in. in diam. or more
Pyrua Malus (Ap-
ple)
Cultivated apple,
escaped, fr. vari-
able
Ribes Cynosbati Shrub spiny, ber-
(Wild Goose- ries prickly l / in.
berry) in diam.
Ribes floridum Spreading shrub, no
(Wild Black Cur- prickles, berries
rant) black U in. in diam.
Ribes Gross u la- Shrub, spines stout,
ria (European berry Vi in. in
Gooseberry) diam.
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Nfld. to Alta.
July
42
s.to N.E. and
to
Wis.
Sept.
Lab. to B.C.
July
50
s. to Pa .,
to
Tenn. and
Sept.
Colo.
N.B. to N.J.
July
51
and Great
to
Lakes
Sept.
N.S. to Dak.,
Aug.
48
s. to Fla. and
and
Tex.
Sept.
Arctic Circle
July
49
to Gulf of
to
Mex. ocean
Sept.
to ocean
N.J. to 111.
Sept.
3*
and Ivans., s.
to
to Fla. and
Dec.
La.
Me. to N.Y.,
July
3*
N.J. and Pa.
to
Sept.
N.J. to Ont.
Sept.
33
and Minn., s.
to
to S.C. and
Dec.
Mo.
Southern
Sept.
35
Can. and
to
eastern U.S.
Nov.
Me. to N.C.
July
i?
w. to plains
to
Sept.
N.B. to Man.
July
16
and south
to
Sept.
Escaped in
July
20
N.Y. and
to
N.J.
Sept.
239
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Ribes oxyacanthoi-
des (Smooth
Gooseberry)
Ribes prostratum
(Fetid Currant)
Ribes rotund ifolium
(Eastern Wild
Gooseberry)
Ribes triste (Amer-
ican Red Cur-
rant)
Ribes vulgare (Red
Garden Currant)
Rosa rubiginosa
(Sweetbrier)
Rubus alleghenien-
sis (Mountain
Blackberry)
Rubus Chamaemo-
rus (Baked-Ap-
ple Berry)
Rubus neglectus
( Pu rple Rasp-
berry)
Rubus occidentalis
(Black Rasp-
berry)
Rubus odoratus
(Purple -Flower-
ing Raspberry)
Rubus procumbens
(Dewberry)
Rubus strigosus
(Wild Red Rasp-
berry)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrub, spines few,
berry smooth, pur-
plish
Shrub, low, spread-
ing, fr. red J4 in- in
diam.
Shrub, spines short
or none, fr. }4 in.
in diarn., purplish
Shrub, spreading,
fr. red \\ in. or less
in diam.
Shrub suberect, fr.
red or yellow, es-
caped from cult.
A wild rose with
stout spines, fls.
pink, fr. red J/2 in.
in diam.
Shrubby, prickles
stout, fr. long,
drupelets many
Herblike, 8 in.
high, fr. yellowish
Shrub prickly, fr.
purplish-red
Shrub prickly, glau-
cous, fr. purple-
black
Shrubby, unarmed,
fls. purple, fr. red,
depressed
Shrubby, trailing,
fr. black, large, few
drupelets
Shrubby, upright
prickles, weak or
bristly, fr. red
IN
RANGE
SE\SON
PAGE
Nfld. to Man.
July
19
s. to Pa. and
and
N.P.
Aug.
Northern
July
IS
U.S. and
and
Can.
Aug.
N,Y. in mts.
July
20
to N . C .
and
Aug.
Northern
June
15
U.S. and
to
Can.
Aug.
Eastern U.S.
June
14
also Ore. and
to
Wash.
Aug.
N.S. to Out.,
Aug.
89
s. to Va.,
to
Tenn. and
Oct.
Kan*.
N.S. to Ont.,
July
28
s. to N.C. and
and
111.
Aug.
Me. and
July
27
N.H. n. and
and
w. to Arctic
Aug.
N.E. to Pa.,
July
26
w. to Ont.
and
and Ohio
Aug.
Que. to Ont.
June
25
s. to Ga. and
to
Mo.
Sept.
N.S. to Ga.,
July
23
w. to Mich.
and
and Tenn.
Aug.
Me. to Ont.,
July
30
s. to Va., La.,
and
and Okla.
Aug.
Nfld. and
July
24
Lab. to N.C.,
and
w. to B.C., a.
Aug.
in mts. to
N.M.
Index
240
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Rubus triflorus Usually trailing,
(Dwarf Rasp- unarmed, fr. red-
berry) purple
Rubus v i 1 1 o s u s
(Tall Black-
berry)
Sambucus canaden-
sis (Elderberry)
Smilacina racemosa
(False Solo-
mon's-Seal)
Smilax herbacea
(Carrion Flow-
er)
Taxus canadensis
(American Yew)
Vaccinium corym-
bosum ( Hi gh-
Bush Blueberry)
Vaccinium macro-
carpon (Ameri-
can Cranberry)
Vaccinium Oxycoc-
cos (Small Cran-
berry)
Vaccinium pennsyl-
vanicum (Low
Blueberry)
Vaccinium stamine-
um (Deerberry)
Vaccinium vacillans
(Blue Huckle-
berry)
Tall, erect or
curved, fr. black,
large, and juicy
Stems woody 6 ft.
high, berries in flat
clusters, dark pur-
pie
Plant 2 ft. high,
rootstock stout, fr.
red, terminal clus-
ter
Stems herbaceous,
unarmed, climbing,
fr. black, globular
clusters
Shrub, low, spread-
ing, evet green, fr.
red, pulpy, top un-
covered
Shrub, 3-10 ft.
high; fr. blue-black
with bloom
Stem slender, creep-
ing, evergreen, fr.
red K> >n. in diam.
Stem evergreen,
creeping, fr. red Xi
in. in diam.
Shrub i ft. high,
steins green and
warty, fr. blue-
black with bloom
Shrub 1-3 ft. high,
fr. green l /$ in. in
diam.
Shrub i2 ft. high,
stems greenish, fr.
blue with bloom
Lab to Alas., July 27
s. to N.J., and
Ohio, and Aug.
Nebr.
N.E. to July 29
Mich., s. to and
Fla. and Ark. Aug.
N.S. to Man., Aug. 82
s. to Ma. and to
Tex. Oct.
N.S. to B.C., Aug. 88
s. to Ga., to
Mo., and Oct.
Ariz.
N.B. to Man., Aug. 88
s. to Fla. and to
Ok la. Nov.
Nfld. to Va.
Through- i
w. to Man.
out year
and la.
Me. to Minn.
July 71
s. to Va. and
to
La.
Sept.
Nfld. to Ont.
Aug. 74
s. tn Va. and
to
Ark.
winter
Nfld. to Man. Aug. 76
s. to V a. and to
Mich. winter
Nfld. to Sask. June 72
s. to Va. and to
111. Aug.
Mass, to July 71
Minn. s. to to
Fla. and La. Sept.
N.E. to July 73
Mich., s. to and
N.C. and Mo. Aug.
241
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Vaccinium Vitis-
Low shrub, 4-8 in.,
Mass, and
July
70
Idaea (Cowber-
creeping, fr. red l /
N.Y. n. to
to
ry)
in. in diam.
Arctic Am.
Sept.
Viburnum alnifoli-
All viburnums have
N.B. to Ont.
Aug.
84
u m (Hobble-
opposite leaves and
s. to Pa. and
to
bush)
clustered, i-seeded
Tenn.
Oct.
f ruits ; shrub,
branches spread-
ing, Ivs. large, fr.
clustered, purple
Viburnum c a s s i -
Shrub 5-10 ft. high,
N.J. to Man.
Aug.
86
noides (Withe-
clustered fr. blue-
s. to Ga. and
to
Rod)
black
Ala.
Oct.
Viburnum Lentago
Shrub or small
Que. to Hud-
Aug.
85
(Nannyberry)
tree, fr. blue-black
son Bay, s.
to
to N.J., Ind.
Oct.
and Kans.
Viburnum nudum
Shrub 5-15 ft. high,
Conn, to Ky.
Aug.
86
(Larger Withe-
fr. blue-black with
s. to Fla. and
to
Rod)
bloom
Tex.
Oct.
Viburnum Opulus
Shrub 8 ft. high,
Nfld. to B.C.,
Sept.
84
(Cranberry Tree)
fr. bright red, clus-
s. to N.J., la.
to
tered
and Ore.
Nov.
Viburnum pauciflo-
Spreading shrub 3-
Nfld. to B.C.,
Aug.
85
rum (Pimbina)
5 ft. high; fr. light
s.toN.J., la.
to
red
and Ore.
Oct.
Viburnum prunifo-
Shrub or small tree,
Conn., Mich.
Sept.
86
lium ( Black
fr. blue-black with
and Kans., s.
to
Haw)
bloom
to Ga. and
Dec.
Tex.
Vitis aestivalis
Woody vine, fr. in
N.H. to Fla.
Aug.
55
(Summer Grape)
dense clusters, blue-
w. to Kans.
to
black 1/3 in. in
and Tex.
Oct.
diam., Ivs. rusty be-
neath
Vitis bicolor (Blue
Grape)
Vitis cordifolia
(Chicken Grape)
Similar, Ivs. whit-
ish beneath, fr. l /$
in. in diam.
Vine, high-climb-
ing, Ivs. green be-
neath, fr. black Y*
in. in diam.
N.H. to N.C. Sept. 56
w. to 111. and to
Tenn. Nov.
Pa. to Nebr. Sept. 56
s. to Fla. and to
Tex. Dec.
Index
242
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
Vitis vulpina (Riv-
erside Grape)
Vine, often trailing,
Ivs. green be-
neath, fr. l /s in. in
diam., blue-black
N.B. to N.D.
s. to Md. and
Kans.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Vitis labrusca Vine, Ivs. woolly N.E. to Aug.
(Northern Fox beneath, fr. large, Minn., s. to to
Grape) brownish purple G a . and Nov.
Tenn.
Aug.
to
Nov.
53
56
Carya alba (Mock-
ernut)
Edible Nuts
Large tree, rough Mass., s. Ont.
bark, 7-9 leaflets, to Nebr., s. to
nuts with thick husk Fla. and
and thick shell Tex.
Sept.
to
Nov.
Carya glabra (Pig-
nut)
Large tree, rough
bark, leaflets 5-7,
husk thin, shell
thick
Me. to s. Ont.
to Minn., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Sept.
to
Dec.
103
Carya illinoensis
(Pecan)
Large tree, rough
bark, leaflets 11-15,
nut smooth oblong,
husk thin
S. Ind., la.,
and Kans. to
Ala. and
Tex.
Aug.
to
Nov.
98
Carya laciniosa
(Big Shellbark)
Large tree, bark
shaggy, leaflets
7-9, nuts large,
thick husk, thick
shell
N.Y. and Pa.
w. to la. and
Kans., s. to
Tenn. and
Okla.
Sept.
to
Nov.
101
Carya microcarpa
(Small - Fruited
Hickory)
Tree, bark close,
nut smal 1, thin
husk, thin shell
Mass, to
Mich. s. to
Va. and Mo.
Sept.
and
Oct.
104
Carya ovata (Shag-
bark)
Large tree, bark
shaggy, leaflets 5,
nut, thin shell with
thick husk
N.E., s. Can.
and Minn., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Sept.
to
Nov.
99
Castanea dentata Large tree, gray Me. to Mich., Sept
(American Chest- bark, prickly bur, s. to Ga. and to
nut) brown seeds Ark. Nov.
108
243
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Castanea pumila
(Chinquapin)
Corylus americana
(Hazelnut)
Corylus rostrata
(Beaked Hazel-
nut)
Fag us grandi-
folia (American
Beech)
Juglans cinerea
(Butternut)
Juglans nigra
(Black Walnut)
Quercus alba
(White Oak)
Quercus bicolor
(Swamp White
Oak)
Quercus Muhlen-
bergii (Yellow
Oak)
Quercus prinoides
(Scrub Chestnut
Oak)
CHARACTERISTICS
Small tree or shrub,
small bur, i-seeded
Shrub 5 ft. tail,
brown nut in leaf-
like husk
Shrub 3-6 ft. high,
nut in tubular husk
Large tree, smooth
bark, bur, soft
prickles, 2-seeded
Forest tree, gray
bark, nut rough, 2
in. long, 2-celled
Large tree, dark
rough bark, 4-
celled nut in round
husk
Large tree, gray
bark, acorn oblong,
cup shallow
Large tree, flaky
bark, acorn on long
stem, cup l /3 of
acorn
Tree, bark gray,
flaky, Ivs. like Am.
Chestnut
Shrub or small tree,
Ivs. whitish be-
neath, chestnutlike,
acorn sessile
RANGE
Index
IN
SEASON PAGE
S. N.J., Pa. Sept.
to Ind. and to
Mo., s. to Nov.
Fla. and
Tex.
Me. to Sask.,
s. to Fla. and
Kans.
N.S. to B.C.,
s . to G a . ,
Tenn., Kans.
and Ore.
N.S. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Tex.
N.B. to Del.,
mts. to Ga.,
w. to Dak.,
Kans. and
Ark.
Mass, to
Minn, and
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and
Tex.
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Que. to Ga.,
w. to. Minn.
and Ark.
Vt. to Minn.,
s. to Ala. and
Tex.
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Ala. and
Tex.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Aug.
to
Nov.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Sept.
to
Nov.
Sept.
to
Nov.
105
106
107
94
112
112
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
244
IN
SEASON PAGE
Quercus prinus Large tree, Ivs. Me. to s. Sept.
(Rock Chestnut chestnutlike, cup Ont., s. to to
Oak) thin, acorn large Ala. and Dec.
Tenn.
Edible Seeds and Seed Pods
Amaranthus blitoi-
des (Prostrate
Amaranth)
Amaranthus hy-
bridus (Red
Amaranth)
Brassica alba
(White Mustard)
Brassica nigra
(Black Mus-
tard)
Ann. weed, spread-
ing on ground,
seeds small, black
Ann. weed, 4 ft.
high, root red, seeds
small, black, shin-
ing
Me. to N.J.,
w. to Pacific
Over most of
U.S.
Plant erect, 1-2 ft. Sometimes
high, fls. yellow, escaped from
pod with long beak cult.
Ann. plant 2-5 ft.
high, fls. yellow,
pods l /z in. long,
seeds dark brown
Gleditsia triacan- Large tree with
thos (Honey Lo- branching thorns,
cust) pod brown, flat, i
ft. long, twisted
Lupinus perennis
(Wild Lupine)
Medicago lupulina
(Black Medic)
Nelumbo lutea
(American Lo-
tus)
Phaseolus polysta-
chyus (Wild
Bean)
Erect peren., pea-
like fls., blue in
spikes, pods i 1 ^ in.
long
Cloverlike, spread-
ing, fls. yellow, pod
twisted
Large water plant,
fls. large, pale yel-
low, seeds acornlike
Peren. vine, leaf-
lets 3, fls. purple,
pods drooping, 2 in.
long
U.S. and
Can.
N.Y. to Fla.,
w. to Mich.,
Kans. and
Tex.
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Over most of
U.S.
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Tenn., rare
Conn, to
Neb. s. to
Fla. and
Tex.
July
to
Oct.
July
to
Oct.
July
to
Oct.
July
to
Nov.
Sept.
to
Nov.
July
to
Sept.
June
to
Oct.
Sept.
to
Dec.
July
to
Oct.
129
129
118
116
121
129
129
122
245
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Robinia Pseudo-
Acacia (Locust
Tree)
Sisymbrium offi-
cinale (Hedge
Mustard)
Zizania aquatica
(Wild Rice)
CHARACTERISTICS
Large tree, rough
bark, fragrant,
white fls., pods flat,
3 in. long
Ann., fls. small,
yellow, pods ]/ 2 in.
long
Tall grass in
swamps, grain
dark, l / 2 -i in. long
RANGE
Widely dis-
tributed
Index
IN
SEASON PAGE
Pa. to Ga., Sept.
w. to la. and to
Mo. widely Mar.
planted
July
to
Nov.
N.B. to Man., Aug.
s. to Fla. and to
Tex. Dec.
120
118
113
Salad Plants and Potherbs
Amaranthus hy- Ann., 4 ft. high, Can. to May 129
bridus (Slender roots red, seeds tropics to
Pigweed) black Sept.
Amaranthus retro-
flexus (Green
Pigweed)
Anagallis arvensis
(Scarlet Pimper-
nel)
Arctium Lappa
(Great Burdock)
black
Ann., stout, 3-6 ft.
high, roots red,
seeds black
Ann., spreading,
branches 10 in.
long, fls. scarlet
Bien., Ivs. large,
purple fls. forming
burs
Arctium minus Similar, but fls. and
(Common Bur- burs smaller
dock)
Asclepias syriaca
(Common Milk-
weed)
Asparagus offici-
nalis (Aspara-
gus)
Azalea nudiflora
(Rhododendron
Azalea)
Peren., Ivs. oppo-
site, fls. pale purple
Cult, asparagus es-
caped
Shrub, fls. pink, at-
tractive, "galls" ir-
reg.
U.S. gener-
ally
Nfld. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and Tex.
Northeast
U.S.
Over much of
U.S.
N.B. to Sask.,
s. to Va. and
Kans.
Escaped from
cult, in East
Me. to Fla.,
w . to Mo.
and Tex
May
to
Sept.
May
to
Aug.
June
to
Aug.
June
to
Aug.
May
to
July
Apr.
to
June
May
and
June
166
166
166
55
162
154
Index
246
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Baptisia tinctoria
(Wild Indigo)
Barbarea verna
(Winter Cress)
Barbarea vulgaris
(Winter Cress)
Caltha palustris
( Marsh Mari-
gold)
Capsella Bursa-
pastoris (Shep-
herd's-Purse)
Card a mine pennsyl-
vanica (Penna.
Bitter Cress)
Cardamine praten-
sis (Cuckoo
Flower)
Cardamine rotundi-
folia (Round-
Leaved Cress)
Cetraria Islandica
(Iceland Moss)
Chenopodium al-
bum (Lamb's
Quarter)
Chenopodium Bo-
nus-Henricus
( Good-King-
Henry)
Chondrus crispus
(Irish Moss)
CHARACTERISTICS
Herbaceous, erect,
branching, fls. yel-
low
Herbaceous, erect,
Ivs. 10-16 lobed,
fls. yellow, pods
erect angled
Tufted, erect, 1-2
ft. high, Ivs.
smooth, fls. yellow
Fleshy plant, in
swamps, stems hol-
low, fls. yellow
Ann., fls. white,
mustard flavor, i ft.
high, Ivs. mostly
basal
Ann., i ft. tall, Ivs.
deep-cut, fls. white;
on wet grounds
Peren., in wet
grounds, i ft. tall,
Ivs. pinnate, fls.
white or pink
Peren., weak, i ft.
high, Ivs. roundish,
fls. white
Lichen, on ground
or rocks, leaflike,
grayish brown
Weed, ann., 2-6 ft.
high, branched, fls.
small, greenish
Weed, perennial, i-
2 ft. tall, Ivs. trian-
gular
Seaweed, flat
forked stems, 2-12
in. long
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Me. to Minn.,
June
165
s. to Fla.
and
and la.
July
Mass, to
Mar.
150
N.Y., s. to
to
Fla.
June
Lab. to Va.,
Mar.
151
w. to Coast
to
June
Nfld. to N.C.,
Apr.
146
w. to Sask.
and
and Nebr.
May
World-wide
Apr.
164
to
June
Nfld. to
May
152
Mont., s. to
to
Fla., Tenn.,
Aug.
and Kans.
Lab. s. to
May
152
N.J. and
to
Minn.
July
N.Y. to Ohio,
May
152
s. to N.C.
to
and Tenn.
July
Pa. and N.J.,
Most
132
n. to Arctic
of
year
Over N.A.
May
140
and Europe
to
Sept.
N.S. to Om.,
May
141
s. to Md. and
to
Ohio
Sept.
East coast of
Most
132
U.S. and
of the
Can.
year
247
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
Cichorium Intybus Peren. 1-3 ft. tall,
(Chicory) Ivs. basal, fls. blue
Cladonia rangife-
rina (Reindeer
Moss)
Epilobium angusti-
folium (Fire-
weed)
Hydrophyllum ap-
pendicula turn
(Waterleaf)
Hydrophyllum vir-
ginianum (Wa-
terleaf)
Impatiens biflora
(Spotted Touch-
Me-Not)
Lactuca canadensis
(Wild Lettuce)
Lactuca scariola
(Prickly Lettuce)
Laportea canaden-
sis (Wood Net-
tle)
On ground in
woods, greenish
gray, finely divided
Peren. herb, 2-5 ft.
tall, Ivs. entire, fls.
purple
Bien., weak, 15 in.
high, fls. purple
Peren., weak, 10-20
in. long, fls. white
or purple
Ann., succulent, Ivs.
oval, pale beneath,
fls. orange, spotted
Herbaceous, 4-8 ft.
tall, stem hollow,
leafy, fls. yellow
Weed, 2-5 ft. tall,
weak prickles on
stem and Ivs.
Herb with stinging
hairs, 1-2 ft. tall, in
woods
Lepidium virgini- Erect herb, i ft.
cum (Pepper- high, Ivs. peppery,
grass) fls. white
Malva rotundifolia Bien., spreading,
(Mallow) Ivs. round, fls.
white
Malva sylvestris Bien., stem erect,
(High Mallow) 2-3 ft. high, es-
caped
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
N.S. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Kans.
Apr.
to
June
158
North U.S.
Most
162
and Can.
of
year
Can. s. to
Va., Kans.
Apr.
to
166
and Calif.
July
N.Y. to N.C.,
w. to Minn.
May
and
166
and Kans.
June
Que. to S.D.,
s. to N.C. and
May
and
166
Kans.
June
N.S. to
Wash, and
May
to
167
Ore., s. to
Fla. and
July
Kans.
N.S. to B.C.,
s. to Ga., La.,
and N.M.
May
to
July
161
Coast to
May
161
coast
to
July
N.B. to
Minn., s. to
May
to
138
Gulf and
Kans.
July
Eastern U.S.
May
and
164
June
Coast to
June
165
coast
to
Sept.
N.E. gardens
and road-
Summer
165
sides
Index
248
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON
PAGE
Malva verticillata
(Curled Mallow)
Ann., erect, 2-5 ft.
high, escaped
N.S. to
Minn., s. to
Pa.
Summer
165
Onoclea sensibilis
(Sensitive Fern)
Fern, 15 in. tall,
lobes few, in wet
grounds
Nfld. to
Sask., s. to
Gulf of Mex-
ico
May
and
June
136
Onoclea Struthiop-
teris (Ostrich
Fern)
Fronds 3-6 ft. high,
in a crown
Nfld. to N.J.,
n . w . to
Man.
May
to
Sept.
167
Oxalis Acetosella
(White Wood
Sorrel)
Herb, 2-6 in. high,
fls. white, veins
purple
N.S. to
Sask., s. to
N .E. and
N.Y.
May
to
Aug.
165
Oxalis violacea
(Violet Wood
Sorrel)
Herb, 4-10 in. high,
fls. violet, leaflets 3
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Fl a. and
Tex.
May
to
Aug.
165
Oxyria digyna
(Mountain Sor-
rel)
Low, herbaceous,
Ivs. entire, nearly
round
Arctic re-
gions to N.E.
and western
mts.
May
to
Aug.
140
Phytolacca decan-
dra (Pokeweed)
Weed, 4-8 ft. tall,
stout, Ivs. large, fr.
purple in racemes
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla.
and Tex.
April
to
June
142
Plantago major
(Common Plan-
tain)
Weed, Ivs. entire,
basal, fls. in spike
Coast to
coast
May
to
July
166
Polygonatum biflo-
rum (True Solo-
mon's-Seal)
Peren., 2 ft. high,
Ivs. whitish be-
neath, fls. lilylike,
fr. berry
N.B. to Ont.
and Mich., s.
to Fla. and
Tenn.
May
and
June
162
Polygon urn Pcrsi-
caria (Lady's
Thumb)
Ann., 10-20 in.
high, fls. pink in ra-
cemes
Throughout
U.S.
May
to
July
163
Portulaca oleracea
(Purslane)
Ann. weed, pros-
trate, fleshy, in cult,
grounds
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
May
to
Aug.
144
Pteris aquilina
(Bracken)
Coarse fern, 2-5 ft.
tall, wide-spread-
ing
Throughout
U.S.
May
and
June
135
249
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
Radicula Armora- Root, Ivs. large,
cia (Horse-Rad- smooth, peppery,
ish) fls. white
Radicula nastur-
tium-aquaticum
(Water Cress)
Radicula palustris
(Marsh Cress)
Rhexia virginica
(Meadow Beau-
ty)
Rumex crispua
(Curled Dock)
Rumex obtusifolius
(Bitter Dock)
Peren., in brooks
and ditches, Ivs.
peppery, fls. white
Plants erect, 12-20
in. tall, Ivs. deep-
cut, fls. yellow
Peren., stem square,
15 in. tall, fls. pur-
pie
Peren., erect, 2-3
ft. tall, Ivs. large,
wavy
Similar, Ivs. broad-
er, not wavy
Rumex Patientia Peren., 2-5 ft. tall,
(Spinach Dock) Ivs. long, fls. in
dense whorls
Salicornia ambigua Stems jointed,
(Glasswort) woody base, 4-10
in. long, on sea-
coast
Salicornia europa- Annual, jointed, 5-
ea (Saltwort) 15 in. high, salt
marshes
Sanguisorba minor Peren. herb, 15 in.
(Salad Burnet) tall, fls. greenish in
head
Saxifraga micran- Lvs. basal, large
thidifolia (Let- and long, along
tuce Saxifrage) mtn. brooks
Scripus validus
(Great Bulrush)
Upright, 3-8 ft.
tall, in ponds and
swamps
RANGE
Eastern
states
N.S. to Ga.,
w. to Ida.
and Calif.
Over much
of N.A.
Me. to Fla.,
w . to la.,
Mo. and La.
Throughout
U.S.
Eastern U.S.
Eastern U.S.,
w. to Kans.
Atlantic and
Pacific coasts
Salt marshes,
East and
West
Me. to Md.
and w. N.Y.
Pa. to Ga. in
mts.
Nearly
through-
out N.A.
IN
SEASON PAGE
April 149
to June;
root any
season
May
to
Oct.
Apr.
to
July
May
to
July
April
to
June
April
to
June
April
to
June
148
149
165
139
'39
139
Most of 164
the year
163
Winter
and
spring on
w. coast
Spring 164
and early
summer
May
to
July
May
and
June
'S3
i6a
Index
250
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Sonchus oleraceus
(Sow Thistle)
Stellaria media
(Chickweed)
Symplocarpus foeti-
dus (Skunk Cab-
bage)
Taraxacum offici-
nale (Dandelion)
Thlaspi arvense
(Penny Cress)
Trifolium pratense
(Red Clover)
Trillium grandi-
florum (Wake
Robin)
Ulmus fulva (Slip-
pery Elm)
Umbilicaria Dillenii
(Rock Tripe)
Umbilicaria Muh-
lenbergii (Rock
Tripe)
Umbilicaria pustu-
lata (Rock
Tripe)
Umbilicaria vellea
(Rock Tripe)
Urtica dioica
(Stinging Nettle)
CHARACTERISTICS
Ann., leafy, soft
spiny, 2-5 ft. tall,
fls. yellow
Ann., tufted weak,
Ivs. opposite, fls.
white
Lvs. large in crown,
spathe purple, mot-
tled
Stemless herb with
basal tufted leaves
Erect herb, 12-15
in. tali, mustard
flavor, pod flat
Common field crop,
Ivs. three, flower
heads purple
Leaves 3, sepals 3,
petals 3, white
Tree, rough bark,
Ivs. rough, inner
bark slippery
Lichen, on rocks,
leaf like, smooth,
black beneath
Lichen, large leath-
ery, pitted, greenish
brown
Lichen, leaflike,
grayish brown,
warty
Lichen, smooth,
leathery, dark
brown beneath
Peren., 2-4 ft. high,
stem with stinging
hairs
IN
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Nearly
May 166
through-
to
out U.S.
July
Throughout
Mar. 146
U.S.
to
June
N.S. to Minn.,
Apr. 137
s. to N.C. and
to
la.
June
Nearly
Mar. 159
through-
to
out U.S.
June
Que. to
Apr. 164
Minn., s. to
to
N.J. an d
June
Kans.
Nearly
Spring 165
through-
out U.S.
Que. to
April 163
Minn., s. to
and
N.C. and Mo.
May
Que. to
Spring 163
N.D., s. to
easier to
Fla. and Tex.
collect
Appalachian
Through-
Mts.
out 133
year
Eastern mts.
Through-
n. to Arctic
out 134
year
Arctic re-
Through-
gions to N.C.
out 133
and Tenn.
year
Eastern U.S.
Through-
n. to Arctic
out 134
Ocean
year
Nfld. to
May 138
Minn., s. to
and
N.C. and Mo.
June
251
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Urtica gracilis
(Slender Nettle)
Similar but more
slender, fewer hairs
N f 1 d . to
Minn., s. to
N.C. and
Mo., also
west coast
May
and
June
138
Uvularia perfoliata
(Bellwort)
Heraceous, forked,
i ft. high, Ivs. per-
foliate
Que. to Ont.,
s. to Fla. and
Miss.
April
and
May
162
Valerianella Locus-
ta (Corn Salad)
Ann., forked, 10 in.
high, fls. bluish
Me. to Ont.,
s. to Va. and
Ark.
May
to
July
157
Valerianella radi-
ata (Beaked Corn
Salad)
Similar, fls. white
Mass, to
Minn. s. to
Fla. and Tex.
May
to
July
158
Veronica americana
(American
Brooklime)
Herbaceous, 1-3 ft.
tall, Ivs. clasping,
fls. blue, in brooks
Que. to Alas-
ka, s. to Pa.,
Nebr., N.W.
and Calif.
Summer
166
Viola palmata
(Early Blue Vio-
let)
Stemless, Ivs. 5-9
lobed, fls. violet
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Ga.
April
and
May
165
Edible Roots and
Tubers
Acorus Calamus
(Calamus Root)
Plant 2 ft. high,
Ivs. sword-shaped,
root pungent
N . S . to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Any
season of
year
173
Allium canadense
(Meadow Gar-
lie)
Onionlike, i ft.
high, umbel bulb-
bearing
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Tex. and
Colo.
April
to
July
176
Allium cernuum
(Nodding Wild
Onion)
Onionlike, scape
angular, 1-2 ft.
high, fls. pink
N.Y. to S.C.,
w. to S.D.
and Calif.
April
to
July
75
Allium vineale
(Field Garlic)
Slender, 1-2 ft.
high, Ivs. hollow
Conn, to Va.,
w. to Ohio
and Mo.
April
to
July
176
Index
252
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Amphicarpa mono-
ica (Hog Pea-
nut)
Anemonella thalic-
troides (Rue
Anemone)
Apios tuberosa
(Groundnut)
CHARACTERISTICS
Slender vine, 3
leaflets, pods pea-
like, i in. long
Slender, 4-8 in.
high, leaflets round-
ish, roots tuberous
Vine, beanlike, roots
tuberous, fls. pur-
pie
Arisaema triphyl- Lvs. 2, leaflets 3,
lum (Jack-in-the- fls. in spathe, corm
Pulpit) pungent
As a rum canadense Siemless herb, 2
(Wild Ginger) Ivs., i purple fl.,
root pungent
Cakile edentula Root large, stalk
(Am. Sea Rock- fleshy, fls. purple,
et) on seacoast
Call a palustris Bog herb, pungent
(Wild Calla) rootstock, spathe
white, round Ivs.
Camassia esculenta
(Wild Hyacinth)
Coated bulb, linear
Ivs., fls. blue on
scape, i ft. high
Claytonia carolini- Foot tuberous, 2
ana (Spring ovate Ivs., fls. pink,
Beauty) 6 in. high
Claytonia virginica
(Spring Beauty)
Root tuberous, 2
linear Ivs., fls. pink,
6 in. high
Cyperus esculentus Sedge, 1-2 ft. high,
(Chufa) roots with tubers
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Man.,
Nebr. and La.
Late
summer
and
I8 9
autumn
N . H . to
Minn., s. to
Fla., Tenn.
and Kans.
April
to
June
I 9 8
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Rans. and
Tex.
April
to
Sept.
187
N.S. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Kans. and
La.
May
to
July
172
N.B, to N.C.,
w. to Man.
and Kans.
April
to
Sept.
181
S e a s h ore,
Nfld. to Fla.
and Calif.
Spring
198
coast
N.S. to
Minn., s. to
N.J., Ohio,
and la.
Spring
196
W. Pa. to
Ga., w. to
Minn, and
Tex.
Spring
178
N.S. to Sask.,
9. to N.C.,
Va., and
Ohio
April
to
June
198
N.S. to Sask.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
April
to
June
198
N.B. to
Minn, and
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and
Tex.
Aug.
to
Nov.
"'
253
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON
PAGE
Dentaria diphylla
(Two-Leaved
Tooth wort)
Rootstocks long,
fleshy, pungent, a
Ivs., fls. white
N.S. to N.C.,
w. to Minn,
and Ky.
April
and
May
184
Dentaria laciniata
(Toothvvort)
Root, deep, tuber-
cled, 3 Ivs., fls.
white or pink
Que. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and La.
April
and
May
183
Erythronium amer-
icanurn (Yellow
Adder's-Tongue)
Bulb solid, 2
spotted Ivs., i fl.
yellow, lilylike
N.S. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Ark.
April
and
May
197
Helianthus laetiflo-
rus (Showy Sun-
flower)
Roots with tubers,
plants 3-7 ft. high
Pa. to Minn.
Aug.
and
Sept.
195
Helianthus tubero-
sus (Jerusalem
Artichoke)
Plant 6-8 ft. high,
tubers 2-3 in. long
Ont. to Ga.,
w. to Man.
and Kans.
Aug.
to
Oct.
194
Ipomoea pandurata
(Wild Potato)
A wild morning-
glory, root large,
fls. white, purple
eye
Conn, to
Mich, and
Kans., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
May
to
Sept.
193
Lilium canadense
(Canada Lily)
Bulb onionlike, stalk
2-5 ft. high, fls.
2-15
N.S. to Minn.,
s. to Ga. and
Mo.
May
to
Aug.
197
Lilium superbum
(Turk's - Cap
Lily)
Bulb onionlike, stalk
3-7 ft. high, 5-40
fls.
N.B.toMinn.,
s. to N.C. and
Mo.
May
to
Aug.
197
Medeola virginiana
(Indian Cucum-
ber)
Upright, 10-20 in.
high, Ivs. whorled,
tuber oblong, white
N.S. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tenn.
May
to
Aug.
1 80
Oenothera biennis
(Evening Prim-
rose)
Bien., stout 2-5 ft.
high, roots fleshy,
long, fls. yellow
Lab. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Tex.
April
to
June
199
Orinthogalum um-
bellaturn (Star-
of-Bethlehem)
Small onionlike
bulb, Ivs. grasslike,
fls. lilylike
N.H. to Pa.
and Va.
April
to
June
197
Orobanche ludovi-
ciana (Broom-
rape)
Root parasite, fleshy
base, stalk pur-
plish, 6 in. high
III. to S.D., a.
and w. to
Tex. and
Summer
200
Calif.
Index
254
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Orontium aquati-
cum (Golden
Club)
Herbaceous, in
ponds, root large,
Ivs. floating
Mass, to Pa.,
s. to Fla.
and La.
Spring 197
Osmorhiza longi-
stylis (Sweet
Myrrh)
Root aromatic, 2 ft.
high, fls. in umbels
N.S. to Sask.,
s . to Ala.
and Kans.
May 199
to
Aug.
Peltandra virginica
(Arrov\ Arum)
Stemless herbs in
shallow water, root
bulbous
Me. to Ont.,
s. to Fla. and
La.
Spring 196
Potent! 1 la Anserina
(Silverweed)
Root fleshy, plant
trailing, 1-3 ft.
high, fls. yellow
Greenland to
N.J., w. to
Alas, and
Calif.
Spring 199
and
summer
Sagittaria latifolia
(Arrowhead)
Root tuberous, Ivs.
arrow-shaped, in
water, plant 1-3 ft.
tall
Nearly
throughout
U.S. and
southern
Can.
Spring 169
to
autumn
Tragopogon porri-
folius (Salsify)
Fleshy taproot, Ivs.
grasslike, fl. scape
1-2 ft. high, fls.
purple
Northern
states and
Pacific Coast
Summer 200
Typha angustifolia
(Narrow-Leaved
Cattail)
In shallow water,
Ivs. J4-J/2 in. wide,
spike { /2 in. in diam.
Eastern
states
Spring 196
and
summer
Typha latifolia
(Broad-Leaved
Cattail)
In shallow water,
Ivs. l /2-i in. wide,
spike i in. in diam.
U.S. and
s. Can.
Spring 196
and
summer
Valeriana edulis
(Valerian)
Peren., large root,
2-3 ft. high, fls.
whitish
Ont. to Ohio,
w. to Pacific
Coast
Spring 194
to
autumn
Beverage and Flavoring Plants
Benzoin aestivale
(Spicebush)
Shrub, 5-15 ft.
high, moist woods,
Ivs. oval, entire
Me. to Mich.,
s . to G a . ,
Tenn. and
Kans.
Any 207
time of
year
Betula lenta (Black
Birch)
Forest tree, aro-
matic bark, Ivs.
ovate, fr. in catkins
Me. to w.
Ont., s. to
Del., Tenn.
and la.
All 204
seasons
255
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Betula lutea (Yel-
low Birch)
Betula papyrifera
(Paper Birch)
Ceanothus arneri-
canus (New Jer-
sey Tea)
Geum rivale (Pur-
ple Avens)
Gymnocladus dioi-
ca (Kentucky
Coffee Tree)
Ilex glabra (Appa-
lachian Tea)
Ilex verticillata
(Winterberry)
Ledum groenlandi-
cum (Labrador
Tea)
Magnolia virgini-
ana (Sweet Bay)
Melissa officinalis
(Lemon Balm)
Mentha canadensis
(American Wild
Mint)
CHARACTERISTICS
Large forest tree,
bark yellowish, less
aromatic
Tree, bark white,
peeling in layers
Shrub, Ivs. ovate,
3-ribbed, fls. in
white clusters
Herb 2 ft. high, Ivs.
3 leaflets, fls. nod-
ding, purplish
Tree, bark rough,
Ivs. compound, pod
and seeds large
Shrub 2-3 ft. high,
Ivs. evergreen,
shining 1-2 in. long
Shrub 10 ft. high,
Ivs. oval-toothed,
fr. red
Shrub, erect ever-
green, 1-3 ft. high,
in bogs
Tree 15-50 ft. high,
Ivs. glossy, found
in swamps
Peren. herb, op.
Ivs., ovate-toothed,
lemon-scented
Herb, 12 ft. high,
Ivs. op., toothed,
aromatic, fls. in
whorls
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Nfld. tO All
Man., s. to seasons
N.J., Va.
and 111.
205
Nfld. to B.C.,
s. to Pa. and
Great Lakes
Nfld. to N.J.,
w. to Alta.
and Colo.
N.Y. to S.D.,
s. to Tenn.
and Okla.
N.S. to Fla.,
mainly near
coast
N.S. to Wis.,
s. to Fla. and
Mo.
Greenland
and Lab., s.
to Conn., Pa.,
Mich., and
Minn.
Mass, to
Fla., w. to
Ark. and
Tex.
Me. to Ga.,
w. to Mo.
N.B. to Va.,
w. to Coast
Summer 205
Me. to Man., Spring
s. to Fla. and to
Tex. autumn
214
Summer 221
Gathered
autumn 210
and
winter
Greater 222
part of
year
Summer 222
Spring, 216
summer,
and
autumn
Summer 221
Summer
dried 222
for
winter
Summer
dried 218
for
winter
Index
2 S 6
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
Mentha pipcrita Herb, 1-2 ft. high,
(Peppermint) red stem, Ivs.
toothed, aromatic
Mentha spicata
(Spearmint)
Monarda didyma
(Bee Balm)
Myrica asplenifolia
(Sweet Fern)
Myrica Gale
(Sweet Gale)
Nepeta hederacea
(Ground Ivy)
Herb, i-ij^ ft.
high, Ivs. aromatic,
fls. spiked
Herb, 2-3 ft. high,
fls. scarlet, Ivs.
toothed, aromatic
Shrub, x-2 ft. high,
Ivs. fernlike, fra-
grant
Shrub, in bogs, 3-5
ft. high, Ivs. fra-
grant
Creeping herb, i ft.
long, Ivs. round,
fls. blue
Picea mariana
(Black Spruce)
Tree, 80 ft. high,
evergreen, Ivs.
4-sided, cone i l /$
in. long
Rhus canadensis Shrub, spreading,
(Fragrant Su- 3 leaflets, aromatic,
mac) fr. red, clustered
Rhus copallina
(Dwarf Sumac)
Rhus gl abr a
(Smooth Sumac)
Rhus hirta (Stag-
horn Sumac)
Shrub or small tree,
fr. panicled, red,
acid
Shrub, 5-10 ft.
high, smooth, fr.
panicled, red, acid
Small tree, twigs
hairy, fr. panicled,
red, acid
RANGE
N.S. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and Ark.
N.S. to Minn,
and Wash.,
s. to Fla.,
Tex. and
Calif.
Qu e. to
Mich., s. to
G a . and
Tenn.
N.S. to
Sask., s. to
N.C. and
Ind.
Nfld. to
Alas., s. to
N.E. and
N.Y.
Nfld. to
Minn., s. to
Ga., Kans.
and Colo.
Canada and
northern
U.S.
Vt. to Ont.
and Minn., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla.
and Tex.
N.S. to Minn.,
s. to Fla.
and la.
N.S. to S.D.,
s. to Ga.,
Ind., and la.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Summer
dried 218
for
winter
Summer
dried 218
for
winter
Summer
dried 222
for
winter
Summer 221
Summer 221
Spring 222
and
summer
All 220
seasons
Summer 213
Summer 213
and
autumn
Summer 213
and
autumn
Summer 211
and
autumn
257
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Sassafras variifoli-
Tree, twigs green,
Mass, to
All 205
um (Sassafras)
bark spicy, aromat-
Mich., la.
seasons
ic
and Kans.
Solidago odora
Plant 2-3 ft. high,
Me. to Vt., s.
Summer 219
(Sweet Golden-
Ivs. narrow, odor
to Fla. and
and
rod)
of anise
w. to Mo.
autumn
and Tex.
Triosteum perfoli-
Herb 2-3 ft. tall,
Mass, to
July 222
atum (Horse
Ivs. clasping, fr.
Nebr., s. to
to
Gentian)
orange
Ala. and Mo.
Sept.
Tsuga canadensis
Evergreen tree, Ivs.
Canada to
All 220
(Hemlock)
l /2 in. long, white
Ala.
seasons
beneath, cone $4 in.
long
Sugars and Gums
Abies balsamea
Tree, evergreen,
Nfld. to Hud-
Entire 225
(Balsam Fir)
Ivs. linear, cones
son Bay and
year
erect, 2-4 in. long
Sask., s. to
Mass., Pa.
and la.
Acer Negundo
Tree (maple), Ivs.
Me. to Man.,
March 231
(Box Elder)
opposite, com-
s. to Fla. and
and
pound, fr. winged
Mex.
April
Acer nigrum (Black
Resembles Sugar
Can. to Va.
Feb. 230
Sugar Maple)
Maple, bark dark-
and Mo.
to
er, lobes of Ivs.
April
broader and short-
er
Acer rubrum (Red
Forest tree, gray
N.S. to Man.,
Feb. 230
Maple)
bark, Ivs. with
s. to Fla. and
to
sharp lobes
Tex.
April
Acer saccharinum
Large tree, gray
N.B. to Fla.,
Feb. 231
(Silver Maple)
bark, Ivs. with
w. to S.D.
to
deep lobes
and Okla.
April
Acer saccharum
Forest tree, bark
Nfld. to
Feb. 22ft
(Sugar Maple)
dark gray, scaly,
Man., s. to
to
Ivs. pointed lobes,
Fla. and Tex.
April
rounded sinuses
Liquidambar Styra-
Tree, coastal plain,
Conn, to Fla.
Spring 227
ciflua (Sweet
Ivs. star-shaped, fr.
and Tex.
and
Gum)
bur-like
summer
Index
258
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Phragmites commu-
nis (Reed Grass)
Silphium lacinia-
tum (Compass
Plant)
CHARACTERISTICS
Coarse grass, 5-12
ft. high, swampy
ground, plumelike
panicle
Rough perennial, 6-
10 ft. high, Ivs.
edges vertical, fl.
head large
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Throughout
U.S. and s.
Summer
and
226
Canada
autumn
Ohio to S.D.,
s. to Ala.,
La. and Tex.
Summer
232
EDIBLE PLANTS
of Southern United States
Wild Fruits
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Amelanchier cana-
densis (Juneber-
ry)
Small tree, smooth
bark, fr. *4 to l /3 in -
in diam.
N.S. to Ont.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
June
and
July
37
Annona glabra
(Pond Apple)
Tree, evergreen,
Ivs. oval, leathery,
fr. 4 in. long
Florida and
Bahama Is.
Summer
and
autumn
ii
Asimina triioba
(Papaw)
Small tree, Ivs.
large, entire, fr. 4
in. long, i l /2 in.
thick, yellow-green
N . J . to
Mich, and
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and
Tex.
Summer
and
autumn
9
Berberis canadensis
(American Bar-
berry)
Shrub 2 to 4 ft.
high, spiny, f r. oval,
scarlet
Mts. of Va.
s. and w.
Aug.
to
Oct.
12
Bumelia lycioides
(Southern Buck-
thorn)
Shrub, i to 3 ft.
high, berry black,
l /3 in. long, i-seeded
Va. to Ky., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer
to
frost
5
Celtis mississippi-
ensis (Southern
Hackberry)
Large tree, bark
warty, fr. dark
brown, *4 * n * * n
diam.
Southern
states
Autumn
and
winter
5
Condalia obovata
(Purple Haw)
Shrub or small tree,
spiny, fr. % in. in
diam., black
Texas and
Mexico
Summer
and
autumn
53
Crataegus aestiva-
lis (May Haw)
Small tree, spiny,
fr. red, l /2 in. in
diam.
Southern
states
May
to
July
40
Diospyros texana
(Black Persim-
mon)
Small tree, bark
smooth, fr. black, i
in. in diam.
Texas and
Mexico
Late
summer
and
autumn
79
259
Index
260
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Diospyros virgini-
ana (Persim-
mon)
Gaylussacia fron-
dosa (Dangle-
berry)
Lycium carolinia-
num (Boxthorn)
Mitchell a repens
(Partridgeberry)
Morus rubra (Red
Mulberry)
Nyssa aquatica
(Tupelo)
Nyssa sylvatica
(Sour Gum)
Opuntia vulgaris
(Eastern Prickly
Pear)
Passiflora incarna-
ta (Maypops)
Passiflora lutea
(Yellow Passion
Flower)
CHARACTERISTICS
Tree, bark dark,
rough, fr. yellow-
red, i in. in diam.
Shrub, 2 ft. high,
twigs brown, fr.
blue with bloom, Y$
in. in diam.
Shrub spiny, 2-5 ft.
high, fr. i/2 in. in
diam., red
Creeping evergreen
herb, fr. red, l /$ in.
in diam.
Tree, Ivs. large,
lobed, fr. i-i l / 2 in.
long, purple
Large tree, Ivs.
ovate, fr. oblong,
i in. long, black
Tree, rough bark,
Ivs. entire, fr. l /2
in. long, black, i-
seeded
Cactus, spreading,
flat, jointed, prick-
ly, fr. 1-2 in. long,
red
Vine tendril-climb-
ing, fr. oblong, 2-
3# in. long
Vine tendril-climb-
ing, fls. yellow, fr.
l /2 in. in diam.
Physalis ixocarpa Annual, branching,
(Tomatillo) fr. purple, in a husk
(calyx)
Physalis pubescens Annual, branching,
(Ground Cherry) fr. in husk, yellow,
l / 2 in. in diam.
RANGE
Conn, to La.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
N.H. s. to
Fla., w. to
Ohio
Southern
states
N.S.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
West N.E.,
w. to Dak.,
s. to Gulf
Va. to Mo.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Me. to Mich.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Mass, to Fla.
and Ala.
near coast
Va. to Fla.,
w. to Mo.
and Tex.
Pa. to 111.
and Kans., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
N.Y. to Tex.
and Calif.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Autumn 77
to
winter
July
to
Sept.
69
N.Y.
w.
s. and
Autumn 80
to early
winter
Entire 81
year
May 6
to
Aug.
Autumn 90
Autumn 89
Autumn 61
Autumn 59
Autumn 60
Summer 80
and
autumn
Aug. 79
to
Oct.
26l
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Podophylhim pelta-
tum (May Ap-
Pie)
Prunus americana
(Wild Plum)
Prunus a n gust i fo-
lia (Chickasaw
Plum)
Prunus hortulana
(Wild Goose
Plum)
Prunus serotina
(Black Wild
Cherry)
Prunus virginiana
(Choke Cherry)
Pyrus angustifolia
(Narrow-Leaved
Crab Apple)
Reynosia latifolia
(Darling Plum)
Rhamnus carolini-
ana (Indian
Cherry)
Rubus occidentalis
(Black Raspber-
ry)
Rubus odoratus
(Purple -Flower-
ing Raspberry)
Rubus procumbens
(Dewberry)
CHARACTERISTICS
Plant, 15 in. high,
2 Ivs., fr. pulpy,
yellow, ovoid, 2 in.
long
Small tree, slightly
thorny, fr. i in. in
diam., red or yel-
low
Shrub or small tree,
fr. red or yellow
with bloom
Small tree, spread-
ing, fr. bright red
Large tree, fr. in
racemes, black, l /$
in. in diam.
Shrub or small tree,
fr. racemes, red or
brown, l /z in. in
diam.
Small tree, Ivs. ob-
long, toothed, fr. I
in. in diam.
Tree, small ever-
green, f r. oval black,
y in. long
Shrub or small tree,
bark gray, fr.
round, black, % in.
in diam.
Shrub, prickly glau-
cous, fr. purple-
black
Shrubby, unarmed,
fls. purple, fr. red,
depressed
Shrubby, trailing,
fr. black, large, few
drupelets
RANGE
Que. to Fla.,
w. to Plains
Conn, to
Mont., s. to
Fla., Tex.,
and N.M.
Del. to Fla.,
w. to Kans.
and Tex.
W.Va. to
Kans., a. to
Miss, and
Tex.
N.S. to Dak.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Can. to Gulf,
Atlantic to
Pacific
NJ. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
La.
IN
SEASON PAGE
13
Fla.
Keys
and
Va. to Fla.,
w. to Kans.
and Tex.
Que. to Ont.,
s. to Ga. and
Mo.
N.S. to Ga.,
w. to Mich,
and Tenn.
Me. to Ont.,
8. to Va., La.,
and Okla.
4$
43
July
and
Aug.
July
to
Sept.
July
and
Aug.
July
and
Aug.
Aug.
and
Sept.
Aug.
and
Sept.
Oct. 52
to
Dec.
Summer 53
and
autumn
Autumn 51
June
to
Aug.
July
and
Aug.
49
July
and
Aug.
30
Index
262
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Rubus trivialis
(Southern Dew-
berry)
Rubus villosus
(Tall Blackber-
ry)
Sambucus canaden-
sis (Elderberry)
Smilacina racemo-
sa (False Solo-
mon's-Seal)
Smilax herbacea
(Carrion
Flower)
Vaccinium corym-
bosum (High-
Bush Blueberry)
Vaccinium stami-
neum (Deer-
berry)
Viburnum cassinoi-
des (Withe-Rod)
Viburnum nudum
(Larger Withe-
Rod)
Viburnum prunifo-
liurn (Black
Haw)
Vitis aestivalis
(Summer Grape)
Vitis candicans
(Mustang
Grape)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrub, evergreen,
trailing, branches
erect, fr. i in. long
Tall, erect or
curved, fr. black,
large and juicy
Stem woody, 6 ft.
high, berries in flat
clusters
Plant, 2 ft. high,
rootstock stout, fr.
red, terminal
Herbaceous, un-
armed, climbing,
fr. black, globular
clusters
Shrub, 3-10 ft. high,
fr. blue-black with
bloom
Shrub, 1-3 ft. high,
fr. green, Yz in. in
diain.
Shrub, 5-10 ft.
high, clustered, fr.
blue-black
Shrub, 5-15 ft. high,
fr. black with
bloom
Shrub or small tree,
fr. blue-black with
bloom
Woody vine, fr. in
dense clusters, blue,
}/3 in. in diam., Ivs.
rusty beneath
Vine, high-climb-
ing, fr. 34 in. in
diam., purple
RANGE
Va. to Fla.
and Tex.
N.E. to Mich.,
s. to Fla. and
Ark.
N.S. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
N.S. to B.C.,
s.to Ga., Mo.,
and Ariz.
N.B.toMan.,
s. to Fla. and
Okla.
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Va. and
La.
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and La.
N.J. to Man.,
s. to Ga. and
Ala.
Conn, to
Ky., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Conn., Mich.,
and Ivans., s.
to Ga. and
Tex.
N.H. to Fla.,
w. to Kans.
and Tex.
Texas
IN
SEASON PAGE
June 30
and
July
June
to
Aug.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Summer
and
autumn
Sept.
to
Dec.
July
to
Sept.
July
to
Sept.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Aug.
to
Oct.
Aug.
and
Sept.
29
82
88
86
86
86
55
263
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Vitis cordifolia
(Chicken Grape)
Vitis labrusca
(Northern Fox
Grape)
Vitis Linsecomii
Vitis Munsoniana
( M u n s o n ' s
Grape)
Vitis rotundifolia
(Muscadine)
Vitis rupestris
(Sand Grape)
Yucca filamentosa
(Common Yuc-
ca)
Carya alba (Mock-
ernut)
Carya glabra (Pig-
nut)
Carya illinoensis
(Pecan)
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON
PAGE
Vine, high-climb-
ing, Ivs. green be-
neath, fr. black, J4
in. in diam.
Pa. to Nebr.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Sept.
to
Dec.
56
Vine, Ivs. woolly
beneath, fr. large,
brownish purple
N.E.toMinn.,
s. to Ga. and
Tenn.
Aug.
to
Nov.
53
Stocky vine, Ivs. 3-
lobed, fr. -^ in. in
diam., black with
bloom
Tenn. to Mo.,
s. to La. and
Tex.
Aug.
to
Nov.
58
Low-climbing, Ivs.
small, fr. J/j in.
in diam., black
Ga. and Fla.
Aug.
and
Sept.
58
Climbing high, Ivs.
leathery, fr. round,
Y^-i in. in diam.,
purple
Del. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Aug.
to
Oct.
57
Bushy, 3-6 St. high,
fr. l /z- l /2 in. in
diam., black
Pa. to Mo.
and south
Aug.
and
Sept.
56
Herbaceous, stem
short, fl. stalk 5 ft.
tall, fr. 2 in. long
Southern
states
Spring
and
summer
3
Edible Nuts
Large tree, rough
bark, 7 to 9 leaflets,
nu ts thick husk,
thick shell
Mass., s. Ont.
to Nebr., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Sept.
to
Dec.
Z02
Large tree, rough
bark, 5 to 7 leaflets,
nut smooth, husk
thin, shell thick
Me. to s.
Ont., w. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Sept.
to
Dec.
103
Large tree, leaflets
ii to 15, nut
smooth, oblong,
husk thin, shell
thin
S. Ind., la.
and Kans., s.
to Ala. and
Tex.
Sept.
to
Dec.
98
Index
264
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Caryaovata (Shag-
bark)
Castanea dentata
(American Chest-
nut)
Castanea nana
(Southern Chin-
quapin)
Castanea pumila
(Chinquapin)
Corylus americana
(Hazelnut)
Corylus rostrata
(Beaked Hazel-
nut)
Fagus grandifo-
lia (American
Beech)
Juglans nigra
(Black Walnut)
Quercus alba
(White Oak)
Quercus bicolor
(Swamp White
Oak)
Quercus Michauxii
(Cow Oak)
Quercus Muhlen-
bergii (Yellow
Oak)
CHARACTERISTICS
Large tree, bark
shaggy, leaflets 5,
nut thick husk, thin
shell
Large tree, gray
bark, prickly bur,
brown seeds
Low shrub, forming
patches, bur small,
nut y\ in. long
Small tree or shrub,
small bur, i-seeded
Shrub, 5 ft. tall,
brown nut in leaf-
like husk
Shrub, 3 to 6 ft.
high, brown nut in
tubular husk
Large tree, smooth
bark, bur with soft
prickles, 2-seeded
Large tree, dark
rough bark, 4-
celled nut in round
green husk
Large tree, rough
gray bark, acorn
oblong, cup shallow
Large tree, flaky
bark, acorn on long
stem, cup l /3 of
acorn
Large tree, flaky
bark, Ivs. oval, den-
tate, acorn i in.
long
Tree, bark gray
flaky, Ivs. like
American Chestnut
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
N.E., s. Can.
Sept.
99
and Minn., s.
to
to Fla. and
Nov.
Tex.
Me. to Mich.,
Sept.
108
s. to Ga. and
and
Ark.
Oct.
Gulf states
Aug.
no
and
Sept.
S. N.J., Pa.
Aug.
no
to Ind. and
to
Mo., s. to
Oct.
Fla. and Tex.
Me. to Sask.,
July
105
s. to Fla. and
to
Kans.
Sept.
N.S. to B.C.,
July
106
s. to Ga.,
to
Tenn., Kans.,
Sept.
and Ore.
N.S. to Minn.,
Sept.
107
s. to Fla. and
and
Tex.
Nov.
Mass, to
Sept.
94
Minn. and
to
Nebr., s. to
Dec.
Fla. and Tex.
Me. to Minn.,
Sept.
in
s. to Fla. and
to
Tex.
Dec.
Que. to Ga.,
Sept.
112
w. to Minn.
to
and Ark.
Dec
Del. to Ind.
Aug.
112
and Mo., s.
to
to Fla. and
Nov.
Tex.
Vt. to Minn.,
Sept.
112
s. to Ala. and
to
Tex.
Nov.
265
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
IN
SEASON PAGE
Quercus prinoides Shrub or small tree, Me. to Minn., Sept.
(Scrub Chestnut Ivs. whitish be- s. to Ala. to
Oak) neath, chestnutlike, and Tex. Nov.
acorn sessile
Quercus prinus Large tree, Ivs. Me. to s. Sept.
(Rock Chestnut chestnutlike, cup Ont., s. to to
Oak) thin, acorn large Ala. and Nov.
Tenn.
113
Edible Seeds and Seed Pods
Amaranthus hy-
bridus (Red Am-
aranth)
Arundinaria gi-
gantea (Large
Cane)
Brassica nigra
(Black Mustard)
Gleditsia triacan-
thos (Honey Lo-
cust)
Lupinus perennis
(Wild Lupine)
Medicago lupulina
(Black Medic)
Nelumbo lutea
(American Lo-
tus)
Phaseolus
stachyus
Bean)
poly-
(Wild
Annual weed, 4 ft.
high, root red,
seeds small, black
shining
Shrubby grass, 10
to 25 ft. high, on
river banks
Annual, 2 to 5 ft.
high, fls. yellow,
pods y 2 in. long,
seeds brown
Large tree with
branching thorns,
pod brown, flat, i
ft. long twisted
Erect peren nial,
pea-like fls., blue in
spikes, pods i } / 2 in.
long
Cloverlike, fls. yel-
low, pod twisted
Water plant, fls.
large, pale yellow,
seeds acornlike
Perennial, vine,
leaflets 3, fls. pur-
ple, pods 2 in. long
Over most of
N.A.
Va. to Mo., s.
to Fla. and
La.
U.S. and s.
Can.
N.Y. to Fla.
w. to Mich.,
Kans.
Tex.
and
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Over most of
U.S.
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Tenn. (rare)
Conn, to
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Summer 129,
and 163
autumn
Summer 129
and
autumn
Summer 116
and
autumn
Autumn 121
Summer 129
and early
autumn
Summer 129
Autumn 115
to
winter
Autumn 122
Index
266
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Robinia Pseudo-
Acacia (Locust
Tree)
Sisymbrium offi-
cinale (Hedge
Mustard)
Vigna sinensis
(China Bean)
Zizania aquatica
(Wild Rice)
CHARACTERISTICS
Large tree, rough
bark, white pea-
like fls., pod flat, 3
in. long
Annual, fls. small,
yellow, pods ]/% in.
long
Vine, twining, i to
6 ft. long, pod
fleshy, 4 to 7 in.
long
Tall grass, in
swamps, grain
dark, ^ to i in.
long
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Pa. to Ga., Autumn 120
w. to la. and and
Mo. winter
Widely dis- Summer 118
tributed and
autumn
Escaped from
Ga. to Mo.
and South
Summer 130
N.B. to Man., Autumn 113
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Salad Plants
Amaranthus hy-
bridus (Slender
Pigweed)
Amaranthus retro-
flexus (Green
Amaranth)
Anagallis arvensis
(Scarlet Pimper-
nel)
Arctium minus
(Common Bur-
dock)
Azalea nudiflora
(Rhododendron
nudiflorum)
(Azalea)
Baptisia tinctoria
(Wild Indigo)
Barbarea verna Tufted, erect, Ivs. Mass, to Spring 150
(Winter Cress) smooth, fls. yellow, N.Y., s. to
i to 2 ft. high Fla.
Annual, 4 ft. high,
roots red, seeds
black
Canada to
tropics
Spring 129,
and 163
summer
Annual, stout, 3 to
6 ft. high, roots
red, seeds black
U.S. gener-
ally
Spring
and
summer
143
Annual, spreading,
branches 10 in.
long, fls. scarlet
Nfld. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and Tex.
Spring
and
summer
166
Biennial, Ivs. large,
fls. purple, forming
burs
Over much
of U.S.
Spring
166
Shrub, fls. pink,
"galls" irregular
Me. to Fla.,
w. to Mo.
and Tex.
May
and
June
154
Herb, erect branch-
ing, fls. yellow
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
La.
Spring
and early
summer
165
267
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Capsella Bursa-
pastoris (Shep-
herd's-Purse)
Cardamine penn-
sylvanica (Penn-
sylvania Cress)
Chenopodium al-
bum (Lamb's
Quarter)
Cichorium Intybus
(Chicory)
Commelina com-
munis (Day
Flower)
Impatiens biflora
(Spotted Touch-
Me-Not)
Lactuca canadensis
(Wild Lettuce)
Lactuca scariola
(Prickly Lettuce)
Laportea canaden-
sis (Wood Net-
tle)
Malva rotundifolia
(Low Mallow)
Onoclea sensibilis
(Sensitive Fern)
Oxalis violacea
(Violet Wood
Sorrel)
CHARACTERISTICS
Annual, fls. white,
mustard flavor, i ft.
high
Annual, i ft. tall,
Ivs. deep-cut, fls.
white, wet ground
Weed, annual, 2 to
6 ft. high, fls. small,
greenish
Perennial, i to 3 ft.
tall, Ivs. basal,
fls. blue
Annual weed,
weak, branched, fls.
blue
Annual, succulent,
Ivs. oval, pale, fls.
orange, spotted
Herb, 4 to 8 ft.
tall, stem hollow,
leafy, fls. yellow
Weed, 2 to 5 ft.
tall, weak prickles
on stem and Ivs.
Herb, with stinging
hairs, i to 2 ft. tall,
in woods
Biennial, spread-
ing, Ivs. round, fls.
white
Fern, 15 in. high,
lobes few, in wet
ground
Herb, 4 to 10 in.
high, fls. violet,
leaflets 3
RANGE
World-wide
Nfld. to
Minn, and
Mont., s. to
Fla., Tenn.
and Kans.
Over N.A.
and Europe
N.S.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
Kans., also
west coast
Del. to Fla.,
w. to Kans.
and Tex.
N.S. to
Wash., s. to
Fla., Kans.,
and Ore.
N.S. to B.C.,
s. to Ga., La.,
and N.M.
Atlantic
Pacific
to
N.B. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Kans.
Atlantic to
Pacific
Nfld. to Sask.,
s. to Gulf
Mass, to
Minn. s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Index
IN
SEASON PAGE
Spring 164
Spring 152
and
summer
Spring 140
and
summer
Spring 158
Spring 162
and
summer
May
and
June
May
to
July
May
and
June
May
and
June
May
and
June
Spring 136
Spring 165
and
167
161
161
138
165
Index
268
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Phytolacca decan-
dra (Poke
Weed)
Plantago major
(Common Plan-
tain)
Polygonatum biflo-
rum (True Solo-
mon's-Seal)
Polygonum Persi-
caria (Lady's
Thumb)
Portulaca oleracea
(Purslane)
Pteris aquilina
(Bracken)
Radicula nastur-
tium-aquaticum
(Water Cress)
Radicula palustris
(Marsh Cress)
Rhexia virginica
(Meadow Beauty)
Rumex crispus
(Curled Dock)
Sabal Palmetto
(Cabbage Palm)
Scirpus validus
(Great Bulrush)
Sonchus oleraceus
(Sow Thistle)
CHARACTERISTICS
Weed, 4 to 8 ft.
tall, stout, Ivs.
large, fr. purple in
racemes
Weed, Ivs. nearly
entire at base, Ms.
in spike
Perennial, 2 ft.
high, Ivs. whitish
beneath, fls. lilylike,
fr. blueberry
Annual, 10 to 20 in.
high, fls. pink, ra-
cerned panicle
Annual weed, pros-
trate, fleshy, in cult,
grounds
Coarse fern, 2 to
5 ft. tall, wide-
spreading
Perennial, in brooks
and ditches, Ivs.
peppery
Plant, erect xo to 20
in. tall, Ivs. deep-
cut, fls. yellow
Perennial, stem
square, 15 in. tall,
fls. purple
Perennial, erect, 2
to 3 ft. tall, Ivs.
large and wavy
Tree, 20 to 70 ft.
high, Ivs. fan-
shaped
Upright, 3 to 8 ft.
tall, in ponds and
swamps
Annual, leafy, soft,
spiny, 2 to 5 ft. tall,
fls. yellow
RANGE
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. to
Tex.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Spring 142
Atlantic to Spring 166
Pacific
N.B. to Ont.
and Mich., s.
to Fla. and
Tenn.
Throughout
U.S.
Spring 162
Spring
and
Nearly Spring
throughout to
N.A. fall
Throughout
U.S.
N.C. to Fla.
163
144
Spring 135
N.S. to Ga., Nearly 148
w . to Ida. through
and Calif. year
Over much Spring 149
of N.A.
Me. to Fla., Spring 165
w . to la., and
Mo., and La. summer
Throughout Spring 139
U.S.
Spring 136
and
Nearly Spring 162,
throughout 196
N.A.
Nearly Spring 166
throughout and
U.S. summer
269
Ind
ex
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Stellaria media
(Chickweed)
Annual, tufted,
weak, Ivs. opposite,
fls. white
Throughout
U.S.
Spring
146
Taraxacum offi-
cinale (Dande-
lion)
Stemless herb, bas-
al, tufted, toothed
leaves
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
Spring
S9
Trifolium pratense
(Red Clover)
Common field crop,
Ivs. three, fl. heads
purple
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
Spring
165
Ulmus fulva (Slip-
pery Elm)
Tree, rough bark,
Ivs. rough, inner
bark slippery
Que. to N.D.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Spring
163
Uvularia perfoliata
(Bellwort)
Herb, forked, i ft.
high, Ivs. perfoliate
Que. to Ont.,
s. to Fla. and
Miss.
Spring
162
Valerianclla radi-
ata (Beaked Corn
Salad)
Annual, forked, 10
in. high, fls. white
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Spring
and
summer
158
Viola palmata
(Early Blue Vio-
let)
Stemless, Ivs. 5- to
9-lobed, fls. violet
Mass, to
Minn., s. to
Ga.
April
and
May
165
Edible Roots and
Tubers
Acorus Calamus
(Calamus Root)
Plant 2 ft. high, Ivs.
sword-shaped, root
pungent
N.S.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
All
seasons
173
Allium canadense
(Meadow Gar-
lic)
Onionlike, i ft high,
umbel bulb-bearing
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Colo., and
Tex.
Spring
176
Allium cernuum
(Nodding Wild
Onion)
Onionlike, scape
angular, i to 2 ft.
high, fls. pink
N.Y. to S.C.,
w. to Calif.
Spring
175
Amphicarpa mono-
ica (Hog Pea-
nut)
Slender vine, 3 leaf-
lets, pods pea-like,
i in. long
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Man.,
Nebr. and
La.
Spring
and
autumn
189
Index
270
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Anemonella thalic-
troides (Rue
Anemone)
Slender, 4 to 8 in.
high, Ivs. roundish,
roots tuberous
N.H. to
Minn., s. to
Fla., Tenn.,
and Kans.
Spring
and
summer
198
Apios tuberosa
(Groundnut)
Vine, beanlike,
roots tuberous, fls.
purple
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Kans. and
Tex.
Spring
to
autumn
i7
Arisaema triphyl-
lum (Jack-in-the-
Pulpit)
Lvs. 2, leaflets 3,
fls. in spathe, corm
pungent
N.S. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Kans., and
Tex.
Spring
172
Camassia esculenta
(Wild Hyacinth)
Coated bulb, linear
Ivs. blue, on scape,
i ft. high
Pa. to Minn.,
s. to Ga. and
Tex.
Spring
178
Claytonia virginica
(Spring Beauty)
Root tuberous, 2 lin-
ear Ivs., fls. pink, 6
in. high
N.S. to Sask.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Spring
198
Cyperus esculcntus
(Chufa)
Sedge, i to 2 ft.
high, roots with
tubers, in fields
N.B. to Minn,
and Nebr., s.
to Fla. and
Summer
and
autumn
171
Tex.
Cyperus rotundus
(Nut Grass)
Sedge, i ft. high,
roots with tubers, in
fields
Va. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer
and
autumn
171
Dentnria laciniata
(Tooth wort)
Root deep-tuber-
cled, 3 Ivs., fls. white
or pink
Que. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and La.
Spring
183
Erythronium amer-
icanum (Yellow
Adder's-Tongue)
Bulb solid, 2 spotted
Ivs., i yellow fl.,
lilylikc
N.S. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Ark.
Spring
197
Ipomoea pandurata
(Wild Potato)
A wild morning-
glory, root large,
fls. white, purple
eye
Conn, to
Mich. and
Kans., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Summer
193
Lilium canadense
(Canada Lily)
Bulb onionlike,
stalk 2 to 5 ft. high,
fls. 2 to 15
N.S. to Minn.,
s. to Ga. and
Mo.
Summer
197
Medeola virginiana
Upright, 10-20 in.
high, Ivs. whorled,
tubers oblong, white
N.S. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tenn.
Spring
and
summer
1 80
271
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Oenothera biennis
(Evening Prim-
rose)
Orontium aquati-
cum (Golden
Club)
Osmorhiza lon-
gistyiis (Sweet
Myrrh)
Peltandra virginica
(Arrow Arum)
Sagittaria latifolia
(Arrowhead)
Smilax Bona-nox
(Bristly Green-
brier)
Smilax pseudo-
china (China
Brier)
Typha latifolia
(Cattail)
Zamia Floridana
(Florida Arrow-
root)
CHARACTERISTICS
Biennial, stout, 2-5
ft hiy;h, roots Heshy,
long, fls yellow
Herbaceous, in
poiuN, loot large,
Ivs. floating
Root aiomatic, 2 ft.
high, fls. in umbels
herbs, in
shallow water, root
bulbous
Root tuberous, Ivs.
arrow-shaped, plant
1-3 ft. tall, in water
High - climbing,
steins angled with
spines, berry black,
i-seeded
High - climbing,
spines few, berry
black, i-t03-seeded,
root large
In shallow water,
Ivs. l /2 to i in. wide,
spike x in. in diam.
Low, palmlike, Ivs.
pinnate, root stem
thick
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Lab.toMinn.,
Spring
199
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Mass, to Pa.,
Spring
197
s. to Fla. and
La.
N.S. to Sask ,
Spring
199
s. to Ala. and
and
Kans.
summer
Me. to Ont.,
Spring
196
s. to Fla. and
La.
Nearly
Spring
169
throughout
to
U.S. and s.
autumn
Can.
NJ. to Mo., s.
Spring
198
to Fla. and
and
Tex.
summer
N.J. to Kans.,
Spring
198
s. to Fla. and
and
Tex.
summer
Throughout
Spring
196
U.S. and s.
Can.
Fla. penin. All
seasons
196
Beverage and Flavoring Plants
Benzoin aestivale
(Spicebush)
Cassia occidentalis
(Coffee Senna)
Shrub, 5-15 ft. high,
moist woods, Ivs.
oval, entire
Plant, 2-4 ft. high,
fls. yellow, pods 4
in. long
Me. to Mich.,
s . to G a . ,
Tenn., and
Kans.
Va. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
All
seasons
207
Summer 221
and
autumn
Index
272
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGB
SEASON PAGE
Ceanothus ameri-
canus (New Jer-
sey Tea)
Shrub, 2 ft. high,
Ivs. ovate, 3-ribbed,
fls. white in clusters
Me. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer 214
Ilex Cassine (Da-
boon Holly)
Shrub or sm. tree,
evergreen, Ivs.
leathery, fr. J4 in.
in diam., red
Va. to La.,
near coast
Evergreen,
all 216
seasons
Ilex glabra (Ap-
palachian Tea)
Shrub, 2-3 ft. high,
Ivs. evergreen, shin-
ing, 1-2 in. long
N.S. to Fla.,
near coast
Spring 222
and
summer
Ilex verticillata
(Winterberry)
Shrub, 10 ft. high,
Ivs. oval toothed, fr.
red
N.S. to Wis.,
s. to Fla. and
Mo.
Summer 222
Ilex vomitoria
(Yaupon)
Evergreen shrub,
Ivs. leathery, oval,
fr. J4 in. in diam.,
red
Va. to Fla.,
w. to Ark. and
Tex.
Evergreen,
all 215
seasons
Magnolia virgini-
ana (Sweet Bay)
Tree, 15-50 ft. high,
Ivs. glossy, in
swamps
Mass, to Fla.,
w. to Ark. and
Tex.
Summer 221
Melissa officinalis
(Lemon Balm)
Perennial herb, op.
Ivs., ovate, toothed,
lemon-scented
Me. to Ga.,
w. to Mo.
Summer 222
Mentha piperita
(Peppermint)
Herb, 1-2 ft. high,
red stem, Ivs.
toothed, aromatic
N.S. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and Ark.
Spring 218
to
autumn
Mentha spicata
(Spearmint)
Herb, i-ij^ ft. high,
Ivs. aromatic, fls.
spiked
N.S. to Minn,
and Wash., s.
to Fla., Tex.,
and Calif.
Spring 218
to
autumn
Monarda didyma
(Bee Balm)
Herb, 2-3 ft. high,
fls. scarlet, Ivs.
toothed, aromatic
Que.toMich.,
s. to Ga. and
Tenn.
Spring 222
to
autumn
Nepeta hederacea
(Ground Ivy)
Creeping herb, i ft.
long, Ivs. round, fls.
blue
Nfld. to
Minn., s. to
Ga., Kans.
and Colo.
Spring 222
to
autumn
Persea Borbonia
(Sweet Bay)
Tree, 20-50 ft. high,
evergreen, Ivs. aro-
matic, fr. blue, l /2
Del. to Fla.,
w. to Ark.
and Tex.
Evergreen,
all 209
seasons
in. in diam.
273
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Rhus canadensis
(Fragrant Su-
mac)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrub, spreading, 3
leaflets, aromatic,
fr. red clustered
RANGE
Vt. to Ont.
and Minn., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Summer 213
and
autumn
Rhus copallina
(Dwarf Sumac)
Shrub or small tree,
fr. panicled, red,
acid
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer 213
and
autumn
Rhus glabra
(Smooth Sumac)
Sassafras variifo-
lium (Sassafras)
Shrub, 5-10 ft. high,
smooth, f r. panicled,
red, acid
Tree, twigs green,
bark spicy, aromatic
N.S.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
la.
Mass, to
Mich., la.,
and Kans., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer 213
and
autumn
All 205
seasons
Solidago odora
(Sweet Golden-
rod)
Trilisa odoratis-
sima (Carolina
Vanilla)
Plant, 2-3 ft. high,
Ivs. narrow, odor of
anise
Perennial herb, com-
posite family, 2-3 ft.
high, odor of va-
nilla
Me. to Vt., s.
to Fla., w. to
Mo. and Tex.
Va. to Fla.,
w. to La.
Late 219
summer
Spring 223
and
Triosteum perfolia-
tum (Horse Gen-
tian)
Tsuga canadensis
(Hemlock)
Herb, 2 or 3 ft. tall,
Ivs. clasping, fr.
orange
Evergreen tree, Ivs.
YT. in. long, light be-
neath, cone 24 ' n -
long
Mass, to
Nebr., s. to
Ala. and Mo.
Can. to Ala.
Summer 222
and
autumn
All 220
seasons
Acer Negundo
(Box Elder)
Acer rubrum (Red
Maple)
Sugars and Gums
Tree (maple), Ivs.
opposite compound,
fr. winged
Forest tree, gray
bark, Ivs. with sharp
lobes
Me. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Mex.
N.S. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Feb.
to
April
Feb.
to
April
231
230
Index
274
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Acer saccharinum
(Silver Maple)
Acer saccharum
(Sugar Maple)
Liquidambar Sty-
raciflua (Sweet
Gum)
Phragmites com-
munis (Reed
Grass)
Silphium laciniatum
(Compass Plant)
CHARACTERISTICS
Forest tree, gray
bark, Ivs. with deep
lobes
Forest tree, bark
dark gray, scaly,
Ivs. pointed lobes,
rounded sinuses
Tree, coastal plain,
Ivs. star-shaped, fr.
bur-like
Coarse grass, 5-12
ft. high, swampy
ground, plumelike
panicle
Rough perennial, 6-
10 ft. high, leaf
edges vertical, fl.
head large
RANGE
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to S.D.
and Okla.
Nfld.toMan.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Conn, to Fla.
and Tex.
Throughout
U.S. and s.
Can.
Ohio to S.D.,
s. to Ala., La. f
and Tex.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Feb. 231
to
April
Feb.
to
April
228
Summer 227
Summer 226
Summer 232
EDIBLE PLANTS
from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
Wild Fruits
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Amelanchier alni-
folia (Northwest-
ern Juneberry)
Shrub, 4-7 ft. high,
f r . purple \v i t h
bloom ',3 in. in diam.
Ont. to B.C.,
s. to Nebr.
and Calif.
Summer
38
A s i m i n a t r i 1 o b a
(Papaw)
Small tree, Ivs.
large, entire, fr. 4
in. Ion,;, 1 \ '> in.
N.J.toMicli.,
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Autumn
9
thick, yellow-green
Celtis crassifolia
( Rough - Leaved
Hackberry)
Tree, Ivs. elmlike,
downy, fr. purplish
black, 13 in. in
diam., i -seeded
E. U.S., w. to
plains
Autumn
and
winter
5
Celtis occidentalis
(Hackberry)
Tree, Ivs. smooth,
elmlike, bark rough,
fr. biown, }j in. in
E. U.S., w. to
plains
Autumn
and
winter
3
diam.
Chiogenes hispi-
dula (Creeping
Snowberry)
Creeping evergreen
shiuh, Ivs. small,
berries white, } /2 in.
long
N. U.S. and
Can.
Summer
and
autumn
76
Cornus canadensis
(Bunchberry)
Shrubby, 3-8 in.
high, Ivs. whorled
at top, fr. red in
cluster
Nfld. to Alas-
ka, s. to N.J.,
W.Va., Colo.,
and Calif.
Summer
89
Diospyros virgini-
ana (Persimmon)
Tree, bark dark,
rough, fr. orange,
i-i 1 /* in. in diam.
Conn, to la.
and Kans., s.
to Fla. and
Autumn
ami
winter
77
Tex.
Elaeagnus argentea
(Silverberry)
Shrub, 6-10 ft. high,
Ivs. silvery, fr. Ys
in. long
Dak. and
Mont., n. into
Can.
Late
summer
and
66
autumn
275
Index
276
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Fragaria vesca
(Wood Straw-
berry)
Fragaria virginiana
(Wild Straw-
berry)
Mitchella repens
(Partridgeberry)
Morus alba (White
Mulberry)
Morus nigra (Black
Mulberry)
Morus rubra
Mulberry)
(Red
Opuntia Rafinesquii
(Western Prickly
Pear)
Passiflora lutea
(Yellow Passion
Flower)
Podophyllum pelta-
tum (May Apple)
Prunus americana
(Wild Plum)
Prunus angustifo-
lia (Chickasaw
Plum)
CHARACTERISTICS
Stemless herb, leaf-
lets 3, fr. red, seeds
on surface
Stemless, 3 leaflets,
berry scarlet, seeds
in pits
Creeping, ever-
green herb, fr. red,
l /Z in. in diam.
Tree, Ivs. smooth
and shining, fr.
white
Tree, similar to last
but fr. black, Ivs.
rough
Tree, Ivs. large and
lobed, fr. i to i l /2 in.
long, purple-black
Cactus, spreading,
jointed, flat, prickly,
fr. i to 2 in. long,
red
Vine, tendril-climb-
ing, fls. yellow, fr.
1/2 in. in diam., pur-
pie
Plant, 15 in. high, 2
Ivs. fr. pulpy, yel-
low, ovoid, 2 in.
long
Tree, small, slightly
thorny, fr. i in. in
diam., red or yellow
Small tree, slightly
thorny, fr. round,
red, y* to $4 in. in
diam.
RANGE
N.B. to N.J.,
w. to Ore.
N.B. to Sask.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
N.S.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Eastern
states w. to
plains
Eastern
states w. to
plains
W. N.E., w.
to Dak., s. to
Gulf
Mich, to
Minn., s. to
Tex.
Pa. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Que. to Fla.,
w. to plains
Conn, to
Mont., s. to
Fla., Tex.
and N.M.
Del. to Fla.,
w. to Kans.
and Tex.
IN
SEASON PAGE
June 2i
and
July
June 20
and
July
July
to
Sept.
June
to
Aug.
81
Nearly
all
year
June
to
Aug.
June
to
Aug.
July
and
Aug.
Autumn 63
Autumn 60
July
and
Aug.
40
45
Prunus hortulana Small tree, spread- W . V a . to July 43
(Wild Goose ing, fr. bright red Kans., s. to and
Plum) Miss, and Aug.
Tex.
277
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Prunus pennsylva-
nica (Pin Cherry)
Prunus serotina
(Black Wild
Cherry)
Prunus virginiana
(Choke Cherry)
Prunus Watsonii
(Sand Plum)
Pyrus angustifolia
( Narrow-Leaved
Crab Apple)
Pyrus ioensis
(Western Crab
Apple)
Ribes aureum
(Golden Cur-
rant)
Ribes Cynosbati
(Wild Goose-
berry)
Ribes floridum
(Wild Black Cur-
rant)
Ribes gracile (Mis-
souri Gooseberry)
Ribes oxyacantho-
ides (Smooth
Gooseberry)
Ribes setosum
(Bristly Goose-
berry)
CHARACTERISTICS
Small slender tree,
fr. in umbels, red,
l /4 in. in diam.
Large tree, fr. in
racemes, black, l /$
in. in diam.
Shrub or sm. tree,
fr. in racemes, red
or brown, ^j in. in
diam.
Shrub, 4-8 ft. high,
slightly spiny, fr.
round, >}$ in. in
diam., red
Tree, small, Ivs.
oblong, toothed, fr.
i in. in diam.
Small tree, Ivs.
woolly beneath, fr.
i in. in diarn.
Tall spineless shrub,
Ivs. yellow, spicy,
fr. yellow or black
Shrub, spiny, ber-
ries prickly, ^ in. in
diam.
Spreading shrub, no
prickles, berries
black, % in. in
diam.
Shrub, spines long
and strong fls.
white, fr. l /3 in. in
diam., purplish
Shrub, spines few,
berry smooth, pur-
plish
Shrub, bristly and
spiny, fls. white, fr.
bristly, sour
RANGE
Lab. to B.C.,
s. to Pa.,
Tenn., and
Colo.
N.S. to Dak.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Can. to Gulf,
Atlantic to
Pacific
IN
SEASON PAGB
Kans.
Nebr.
and
NJ. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
La.
Wis. and
Minn., s. to
La. and Okla.
Minn, to Tex.
w. to Pacific
Me. to N.C.,
w. to plains
N.B. to Man.
and south
Minn.toS.D.,
s. to Tenn.
and Kans.
Nfld.toMan.,
s. to Pa. and
N.D.
Ont. to Man.,
s. to Nebr.
and Wyo.
July
to
Sept.
Aug.
and
Sept.
July
to
Sept.
July
and
Aug.
Oct.
to
Dec.
Oct.
to
Dec.
50
48
49
4*
3*
34
Summer 16
and
autumn
Summer 17
Summer 16
Summer 19
Summer 19
Summer 20
Index
278
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Rubus parviflorus
(Salmonbcrry)
Rubus strigosus
(Wild Red Rasp-
berry)
Sambucus canaden-
sis (Eldei berry)
Shepherdia argen-
tea (Buffalo Ber-
ry)
Smilacina racernosa
(False Solomon's-
Scal)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrub, unarmed,
Ivs. 5-lobed, fls.
white, f r. red
Shrubby, upright,
prickless weak or
bristly, fr. red
Shrub, stems woody,
6 ft. high, berries
in flat cluster, black
Shrub, slightly
thorny, 5 to 15 ft.
high, Ivs. silvery,
fr. ovoid, scarlet,
acid
Plant, 2 ft. high
with rootstock, fr.
red, terminal pani-
cle
Smilax herbacea Herbaceous, climb-
( Carrion Flow- ing, unarmed, fr.
er) black, globulai clus-
ters
Shrub, i ft. high,
stem green, warty,
fr. blue-black with
bloom
Shrub, or small
tree, fr, blue-black
Vaccinium pennsyl-
vanicum (Low
Blueberry)
Viburnum Lcntago
(Nannyberry)
Viburnum Opulua
(Cranberry Tree)
Viburnum pauci-
florum (Pimbina)
Vitiscinerea (Sweet
Winter Grape)
Shrub, 8 ft. high, fr.
clustered, bright
red, sour
Spreading shrub, 3
to 5 ft. high, fr.
light red, clustered
Vine, climbing, Ivs.
not lobed, toothed,
berries small black
RANGE
Mich, and
Minn., w. to
Alaska and
Calif.
Nfld. and
Lab. s . to
N.C., w. to
B.C.
N.S. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Minn, and
Man. s. and
w. to Kans.,
N.M., Calif.,
and Ida.
N.S. to B.C.,
a . to G a . ,
Mo., and
Ariz.
N.B. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Okla.
Que. to Man.,
s. to N.J.,
I n d . , and
Kans.
Nfld. to B.C.,
s. to N.J., la.,
and Ore.
IN
SEASON PACE
Summer 24
Summer 24
Summer 82
and
autumn
Summer 64
and
autumn
Summer 88
and
autumn
Autumn 88
Nfld. toSask., June
s. to Va. and to
111. Aug.
Autumn 85
Sept.
to
Dec.
Nfld. to B.C., Sept.
s. to N.J., la., to
and Ore. Nov.
84
111. to Kans.,
s. to Tex.
Autumn 56
279
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Vitis cordifolia
(Chicken Grape)
Vitis vulpina (Riv-
erside Grape)
CHARACTERISTICS
Vine, high-climbing,
Ivs. gr. beneath, fr.
black, l /4 in. in
cliam.
Vine, often trailing,
Ivs. green beneath,
fr. ' j in. in diatn.,
blue-black
RANGE
Pa. to Nebr.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
N.B. to N.D.,
s. to Md. and
Kans.
IN
SFAM1N
Autumn 56
Autumn 56
Yucca glauca
(Adam's Needle)
Yucca, Ivs. stiff-
pointed, Us. white,
lilylikc, pod 2 in.
long
Gt. Plains Summer 3
and Rocky and
Mts. autumn
Carya alba (Mock-
ernut)
Edible Nuts
Large tree, rough Mass., s. Ont.
bark, 7 to 9 leaflets, to Nebr., s. to
nut thick husk, thick Fla. and Tex.
shell
Sept.
to
Nov.
102
Carya illinoensis
(Pecan)
Carya laciniosa
(Big Shellhark)
Corylus americana
(Hazelnut)
Corylus rostrata
(Beaked Hazel-
nut)
Juglans cinerea
(Butternut)
Large tree, rough
bark, n to 15 leaf-
lets, nut smooth ob-
long, husk thin
Large tree, shaggy
bark, leaflets 5 to
7, nut large, thick
husk, thick shell
Shrub, 5 ft. tall,
brown nut, in leaf-
like husk
Shrub, 3 to 6 ft.
high, nut in tubular
husk
Forest tree, gray
bark, nut rough, 2
in. long, 2-celled
S. Ind., la.
and Kans., s.
to Ala. and
Tex.
N.Y. and Pa.,
w. to la. and
Kans., s. to
Tenn. and
Okla.
Me. to Sask.,
s. to Fla. and
Kans.
N.S. to B.C.,
s . to G a . ,
Tenn. and
Kans.
N.B. to Ga.,
w. to Dak.,
Kans., and
Ark.
Sept.
to
Nov.
Sept.
to
Nov.
Aug.
and
Sept.
Aug.
and
Sept.
Sept.
to
Dec.
98
105
106
Index
280
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Juglans nigra
(Black Walnut)
CHARACTERISTICS
Large tree, dark
rough bark, 4-celled
nut in round husk
RANGE
Mass, to
Minn, and
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Oct.
to
Dec.
94
Juglans rupestris
(Texas Walnut)
Shrub or small tree,
bark pale, deeply
furrowed, nut V* in.
in diam.
W. Tex. and
s.e. N.M.
Autumn 96
Edible Seeds and Seed Pods
Amaranthus blitoi-
des (Prostrate
Amaranth)
Annual weed,
spreading on
ground, seed sm.
black
Me. to N.J.,
w. to Pacific
Summer 129
and
autumn
Amaranthus hy-
bridus (Red
Amaranth)
Astragalus caryo-
carpus (Ground
Plum)
Annual weed, 4 ft.
high, root red, seed
sm. black shining
Plant, 8 to 15 in.
high, leaflets 18 to
23, fls. purple, pea-
like, fr. y\ in. long
Over most of
Summer
N.A.
and
autumn
Minn, to
Summer
Sask. s. to
and
Mo. and Tex.
autumn
129
123
Astragalus mexi- PJant, 8 to 15 in. 111. to Nebr., Summer
canus (Ground high, leaflets 19 to s. to La. and and
Plum) 31, fls. white, fr. Tex. autumn
plum-shaped, i to
iJ4 in. in diam.
124
Avena fatua (Wild
Oat)
Brassica nigra
(Black Mustard)
Grass, 2 to 3 ft. tall,
similar to common
oats (from Europe)
Annual, 2 to 5 ft.
high, fls. yellow,
pod l /2 in. long,
seeds brown
Wis. and 111.
w. to Coast
U.S.
s. Can.
and
Summer 128
Summer
and
autumn
116
Elymus condensatus
(Rye Grass)
Tufted grass, 3 to
6 ft. tall, spike 6 to
12 in. long
Minn, to
Colo, and
N.M., w. to
Pacific
Summer 128
281
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Elymus triticoides
(Wild Wheat)
Gleditsia triacan-
thos (Honej Lo-
cust)
Helianthus annaus
(Sunflower)
Linum Lewisii
(Blue Flax)
Lupinus perennis
(Wild Lupine)
Martynia louisiana
(Unicorn Plant)
Medicago lupulina
(Black Medic)
Oryzopsis hymenoi-
des (Indian Mil-
let)
Phaseolus poly-
stachyus (Wild
Bean)
Robinia Pseudo-
Acacia (Locust
Tree)
in. long
Sisymbrium off i- Annual, fls. sm. yel- Widely dis- Summer 118
cinale (Hedge low pods 1 A in. long tributed and
Mustard) autumn
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON
PAGE*
Grass, culms
smooth, 2 to 4 ft.
tall, spike, 4 to 8 in.
long
Minn, to
Colo., s. and
w. to Pacific
Summer
128
Large tree with
branching thorns,
pod brown, flat, i
ft. long, twisted
N.Y. to Fla.,
w. to Mich.,
Kans. and
Tex.
Sept.
to
Dec.
121
Annual, tall, 3 to 6
ft., rough, fl. heads
3 to 6 in. broad
Minn, to
Tex., w. to
Coast
Sept.
to
Dec.
I2 7
Perennial, slender,
i to 2 ft. high, Ivs.
linear, crowded, fls.
blue
Wis. to Tex.,
w. to Alaska
and Calif.
Summer
and
autumn
130
Perennial, erect,
pealike fls., blue in
spikes, pod i 1 /* in.
long
Me. to Minn.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer
129
Annual, branching,
Ivs. large, fl. large,
bell-shaped, pod
long-beaked
111. to la., s.
and w . to
Tex. and
N.M.
Summer
and
autumn
125
Cloverlike, spread-
ing, fls. yellow, pod
twisted
Over much
of U.S.
Summer
129
Grass, tufted, i to
2 ft. tall, panicle, 3
to 6 in. long
la. to Tex.,
w. to Wash,
and Calif.
Summer
and
autumn
12$
Perennial, leaflets
3, fls. purple, pods
drooping, 2 in. long
Conn, to
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Summer
and
autumn
122
Large tree, rough
bark, white fls. in
racemes, pod flat, 3
Pa. to Ga., w.
to la. and
Mo.
Autumn
to
spring
120
Index
282
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
IN
SEASON
PAGE
Zizania aquatica
(Wild Rice)
Tall grass in
swamps, grain
dark, ^ to i in.
long
N.B. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Summer
and
autumn
"3
Salad Plants and
Potherbs
Amaranthus hy-
bridus (Slender
Pigweed)
Annual, 4 ft. high,
roots red, seeds
black
Can. to trop-
ics
Spring
and
summer
163
Amaranthus retro-
flexus (Green
Amaranth)
Annual, stout, 3 to 6
ft. high, roots red,
seeds black
U.S. gener-
ally
Spring
to
autumn
143
Arctuum minus
(Common Bur-
dock)
Biennial, Ivs. large,
purple fls. forming
burs
Over much
of U.S-
May
to
Aug.
166
Asclepias syriaca
(Milkweed)
Perennial, Ivs. oppo-
site, fls. pale purple,
fr. beaked pod
N.B. to Sask.,
s. to Va. and
Kans.
May
and
June
155
Barbarea vulgaris
(Winter Cress)
Tufted erect, Ivs.
smooth, fls. yellow,
i to 2 ft. high
Lab. to Va.,
w. to Coast
Mar.
to
May
151
Caltha palustris
(Marsh Mari-
gold)
Fleshy plants, in
swamps, stems hol-
low, fls. yellow
Nfld. to N.C.,
w. to Sask.
and Nebr.
Apr.
and
May
146
Capsella Bursa-
pastoris (Shep-
herd's-Purse)
Annual, fls. white,
i ft. high, Ivs.
mostly basal, mus-
tard flavor
World-wide
Apr.
and
May
164
Cardamine penn-
sylvanica (Penn-
sylvania Bitter
Cress)
Annual, i ft. tall,
Ivs. deep cut, fls.
white, wet grounds
Nfld. to
Minn., Mont.,
s. to Fla.,
Tenn., and
Kans.
May
to
Aug.
153
Chenopodium al-
bum (Lamb's
Quarter)
Weed, annual, 2 to
6 ft. tall, branched,
fls. small greenish
Over N.A.
and Europe
May
to
Sept.
140
Cichorium Intybus
(Chicory)
Perennial, i to 4 ft.
tall, Ivs. basal,
chiefly, fls. blue
N.S.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
Kans., West
Coast
Apr.
and
May
158
283
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Commelina corn-
munis (Dayflow-
er)
Epilobium angusti-
folium (Fire-
weed)
Hydrophyllum ap-
pendiculatum
(Waterleaf)
Hydrophyllum vir-
ginicum (Water-
leaf)
Impatiens biflora
(Spotted Touch-
Me-Not)
Laciuca canadensis
'Wild Lettuce)
Lactuca scariola
(Prickly Lettuce)
Laportea canaden-
sis (Wood Net-
tle)
Malva rotundifolia
(Low Mallow)
Onoclea sensibilis
(Sensitive Fern)
Plantago major
(Common Plan-
tain)
Polygonum Persi-
caria (Lndy's
Thumb)
Portulaca oleracea
(Purslane)
CHARACTERISTICS
Annual weed, weak,
branched, Ms. blue
Perennial herb, 2 to
5 ft. tall, Ivs. entire,
fls. purple
Biennial, weak, 15
in. high, fls. purple
Perennial, weak, 10
to 20 in. high, fls.
white or purple
Annual, succulent,
Ivs. oval, pale be-
neath, fls. orange,
spotted
Herb, 4 to 8 ft. tall,
stern hollow, leafy,
fls. yellow
Weed, 2 to 5 ft. tall,
weak prickles on
stem and Ivs.
Herb with stinging
hairs, i to 2 ft. tall,
in woods
Biennial, spreading,
Ivs. round, fls. white
Fern, 15 in. tall,
lobes few, in wet
ground
Weed, Ivs. entire,
basal, fls. in a spike
Annual, 10 to 20 in.
high, fls. pink, in
racemes
Annual weed of
cult, grounds, pros-
trate, fleshy
IN
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Del. to Fla.,
w. to Kans.
and Tex.
Summer
162
Can., s. to
Va., Kans.,
and Calif.
May
to
July
1 66
N.Y. to N.C.,
w. to Minn,
and Ivans.
May
and
June
166
Que. to S.D.,
s. to N.C. and
Kans.
May
and
June
166
N.S. to
Wash., s. to
Fla., Kans.
and Ore.
May
to
July
167
N.S. to B.C.,
s. to Ga., La.,
and N.M.
June
to
Aug.
161
Atlantic to
Pacific
May
to
July
161
N.B.toMinn.,
s. to Fla. and
Kans.
May
and
June
138
Atlantic to
Pacific
May
to
Aug.
165
Nfld. to Sask.,
s. to Gulf
Apr.
to
June
136
Atlantic to
Pacific
Spring
1 66
Throughout
U.S.
Summer
163
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
June
to
Sept.
144
Index
284
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Pteris aquilina
(Bracken)
Radicula nastur-
tium-aquaticum
(Water Cress)
Radicula palustris
(Marsh Cress)
Rumex crispus
(Curled Dock)
CHARACTERISTICS
Coarse fern, 2 to 5
ft. tall, wide-
spreading
Perennial, in brooks
and ditches, Ivs.
peppery, fls. white
Plant erect, 12 to 20
in. tall, Ivs. deep
cut, peppery, fls.
yellow
Perennial, erect, 2
to 3 ft. tall, large
wavy Ivs.
RANGE
Throughout
U.S.
N.S. to Ga.,
w. to Ida.
and Calif.
Over much
of N.A.
IN
SEASON PAGE
April
to
June
Spring
to
autumn
Spring
and
135
Rumex Patientia
(Spinach Dock)
Perennial, 2 to 5 ft.
tall, Ivs. long, fls.
in dense whorls
E.U.S., w. to
Kans.
Spring
Salicornia europaea
(Saltwort)
Annual, jointed,
fleshy, 5 to 15 in.
high
Salt marshes,
East and
West
Spring
Salsola kali tenui-
folia (Russian
Thistle)
Herb, branched, Ivs.
prickle-tipped; our
worst "tumble-
weed"
Great Plains
to Pacific
Spring
and
summer
Scirpus validus
(Great Bulrush)
Upright, in marshes,
3 to 8 ft. tall
N e a r 1 y
throughout
N.A.
Spring
Sonchus oleraceus
(Sow Thistle)
Annual, leafy, soft
spiny, 2 to 5 ft. tall,
fls. yellow, cult,
ground
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
Spring
and
summer
Stellaria media
(Chickweed)
Annual, tufted,
weak, Ivs. opposite,
fls. white
Throughout
U.S.
March
to
June
Taraxacum offici-
nale (Dandeli-
on)
Stemless herb with
tufted, toothed Ivs.
N e a r 1 y
throughout
U.S.
March
to
June
Thlaspi arvense
(Penny Cress)
Erect herb, 12 to 15
in. tall, pod flat,
mustard flavor
Quebec to
Minn., s. to
N.J. and
Kans.
April
and
May
149
Throughout Spring 139
U.S.
139
163
142
196
166
146
159
164
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Trifolium pratense
(Red Clover)
Ulmus fulva (Slip-
pery Elm)
Veronica americana
(AmericanBrook-
Hme)
CHARACTERISTICS
Common field crop,
Ivs. 3, fl. heads pur-
pie
Tree, rough bark,
rough Ivs., inner
bark slippery
Herbaceous, i to 3
ft. tall, Ivs. clasp-
ing, fls. blue, in
brooks
RANGE
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
Que. to N.D.,
s. to Fla. and
Ti-x.
Que. to Alas-
ka, s. to Pa.,
Nebr., N.M.,
and Calif.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Spring 165
Spring 163
Spring 166
and
summer
Edible Roots and Tubers
Allium canadense Onionlike, i ft. high, N.B. to Fla.,
(Meadow (Jar- umbel bulb-bearing w. to Minn.,
lie) Colo., and
Tex.
Spring 176
Allium cernuum
(Nodding Wild
Onion)
Onionlike, scape an-
gular, i to 2 ft.
high, Ms. pink
Amphicarpa mono- Slender vine, 3 leaf-
ica (Hog Peanut) lets, pods pea-like,
i in. long
N.Y. to S.C.,
w. to S.IX,
N . M . and
Calif.
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Man.,
Nebr., and
La.
Spring 175
Spring
and
autumn
189
Apios tuberosa
(Groundnut)
Arisaema triphyl-
lum (Jack-in-the-
Pulpit)
Asarum canadense
(Wild Ginger)
Callirhoe pedata
(Pimple Mallow)
Vine, beanlike,
roots tuberous, fls.
purple
Lvs. 2, 3 leaflets
each, fls. within
spathe, corm pun-
gent
Stemless herb, 2 Ivs.
i fl. purple, root
pungent
Herb, erect, 1-3 ft.
high, fls. purple,
root large, starchy
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Kans., and
Tex.
N.S. to Fla.,
w. to Minn.,
Kans., and
Tex.
N.B. to N.C.,
w. to Man.
and Kans.
Spring
to
autumn
187
Spring 172
Spring
and
summer
181
Nebr. to Ida. Spring 199
Index
286
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Cama^sia esculenta
(Wild Hyacinth)
Claytonia virginica
(Spring Beauty)
Cyperus esculentus
(Chufa)
Cyperus rotundus
(Nutgrass)
Glycyrrhiza lepi-
dota (Wild Lico-
rice)
Helianthus turebo-
sus (Jerusalem
Artichoke)
Ipomoea leptophyl-
la (Bush Morn-
ing-Glory)
Ipomoea pandurata
(Wild Potato)
Orobanche ludovi-
ciana (Broom-
rape)
Osmorhiza lon-
gistylis (Sweet
Myrrh)
Potentilla Anserina
(Silverweed)
Psoralea esculenta
(Prairie Apple)
CHARACTERISTICS
Coated bulb, linear
lv>., fls. blue on
scape i ft. high
Root tuberous, 2 lin-
ear Ivs., fls. pink on
stalk, 6 in. high
Sedge, 1-2 ft. high,
roots with tuber*.
Sedge, i ft. high,
roots with tubers,
cult, ground
Herbaceous, 2-3 ft.
high, roots sweet,
fls. pea-like, pods
prickly
Plant 6-8 ft. high,
tubers 2 to 3 in. long
Herbaceous, up-
right, 2-4 ft. high,
fls. funnel-form,
root enormous
A wild morning-
glory, root large, fls.
white with purple
eye
Root parasite, fleshy
base, no Ivs., stalk
purplish, 6 in. high
Plant, 2 ft. high,
root aromatic, fls.
in umbels
Root fleshy, plant
trailing, 1-3 ft. fls.
yellow
Plant, erect, from
large starchy root,
6-15 in. high, leaf-
lets 5, fl. blue
RANGE
Pa. to Ga., w.
to Minn, and
Tex.
N.S. to Sask.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
N.B.toMinn.,
Nebr., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Va. to Kans.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Hudson Bay
to B.C., s. to
Mo. and
Calif.
Ont. to Ga.,
w. to Man.,
Kans. and
Ark.
S . D . and
Mont., s. to
Tex.
Conn, to
Mich., and
Kans., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
111. to S.D.,
s. and w. to
Tex. and
Calif.
N.S. to Sask.,
s. to Ala. and
Kans.
Greenland to
N.J., w. to
Alaska and
Calif.
Man. to Wis.
to Tex., w. to
Rocky Mts.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Spring 178
Spring 198
Autumn 171
Autumn 171
Spring 199
to
autumn
Autumn 194
Summer 193
Summer 193
Summer 200
Spring 199
and
Spring 199
and
summer
Summer 186
28 7
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON N \MES
CHARACTERISTICS
Psoralea hypogaea Similar but smaller,
(Small Prairie short stalk, spikes
Apple) derive
Sagittaria latifolia Root tuberous, Ivs.
(Arrowhead) arrow -shaped, in
\\au-r, plant 1-3 it.
RANGE
IN
SE\SON PAGE
Neb r. to Tex., Summer 187
w. to Mts.
Nearly Spring 169
throughout and
I .8. and s. summer
Can.
Smilax pseudo- Vine, high-climbing,
china (China spines Uw. beiry
Brier) black, foot large
Tragopogon por- Flcsh\ taproot, Ivs.
rifolius (Salsify) grasslik^, il. scape,
1-2 tt. high, Ms.
purple
Typha latifolia
(Cattail)
In ^hallow water,
Ivs. ' ^ to i in. wide,
spike i in. thick
Valeriana edulis Perennial, large
(Valerian) root; plant 2-3 ft.
high, Us. whitish
N.J. to Kans., Spring 198
s. to Fla. and and
Tex. summer
Northern Spring 200
States and
Pacific Coast
Throughout Spring 196
U.S. and s.
Can.
Ont. to Ohio, Summer 194
w. to Coast
Beverage and Flavoring Plants
Benzoin aestivale
(Spicebush)
Shrub, 5-1 5 ft.
high, Hs. yellow,
moist wood, spicy
aromatic
Me. to Mich.,
s . to G a . ,
Tenn., and
Kans.
Fntire 207
year
Betula lenta (Black Forest tree, aro- Me. to w. Entire
Birch) matic bark, Ivs. Ont., s. to year
ovate, fr. in cat- Del., Tenn.,
kins and la.
204
Betula lutea (Yel-
low Birch)
Large forest tree,
bark yellowish, less
aromatic
N f 1 d . to
Man., s. to
N.J., Va.,
and 111.
Entire
year
205
Betula papyrifera
(Paper Birch)
Tree, bark smooth,
white, peeling in
layers
Nfld. to B.C.,
s. to Pa. and
Great Lakes
Summer 205
Index
288
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Cassia occidentalis
(Coffee Senna)
Ceanothus ameri-
canus (New Jer-
sey Tea)
Geum rivale (Pur-
ple Avens)
Gymnocladus di-
oica (Kentucky
Coffee Tree)
Mentha canadensis
(American Wild
Mint)
Mentha piperita
(Peppermint)
Mentha spicata
(Spearmint)
Nepeta hederacea
(Ground Ivy)
Picea mariana
(Black Spruce)
Rhus canadensis
(Fragrant Su-
mac)
Rhus copallina
(Dwarf Sumac)
Rhus hirta (Stag-
horn Sumac)
CHARACTERISTICS
Plant, 2-4 ft. high,
fls. yellow, pods 4
in. long
Shrub, 2 ft. high,
Ivs. ovate, 3-ribbed,
fls. in white clus-
ters
Herb, 2 ft. high,
Ivs. 3 leaflets, fls.
nodding, purplish
Tree, rough bark,
Ivs. compound, pod
and seeds large
Herb, 1-2 ft. high,
Ivs. op.-toothed,
aromatic, fls. in
whorls
Herb, 1-2 ft. high,
red stem, Ivs.
toothed, aromatic
Herb, i-i^ ft.
high, Ivs. aromatic,
fls. spiked
Creeping herb, i ft.
long, Ivs. round)
fls. blue
Tree, 80 ft. high,
evergreen, Ivs. 4-
sided, cone i l /$ in.
long
Shrub, spreading, 3
leaflets, aromatic,
fr. red, clustered
Shrub, or small
tree, fr. panicled,
red, acid
Small tree, twigs
woolly, f r. panicled,
red, acid
IN
RANGE SEASON PAGE
Va. to Kans., Summer 221
s. to Fla. and and
Tex. autumn
Me. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Tex.
Nfld. to N.J.,
w. to Alta.
and Colo.
N.B. to Va.,
w. to Coast
Can.
U.S.
and n.
Vt. to Ont.
and Minn., s.
to Fla. and
Tex.
Me. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
N.S. to S.D.,
s. to Ga.,
Ind. and la.
Summer 214
Summer 221
N.Y. to S.D., Autumn
s. to Tenn. and
and Okla. winter
Summer 218
Summer 218
Summer 218
N.S. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and Ark.
N.S. to Minn,
and Wash.,
s. to Fla.,
Tex. and
Calif.
Nfld. to Spring
Minn., s. to to
Ga., Kans., autumn
and Colo.
All
year
220
Summer 213
and
autumn
Summer 213
and
autumn
Summer 211
and
autumn
289
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Rhus trilobata
(Squaw Bush)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrub, smooth, 2-5
ft. high, fr. in clus-
tered spikes, red
Sassafras variifo- Tree, twigs green,
Hum (Sassafras) bark spicy aro-
matic
111. to Tex,,
w. to Coast
Mass., Mich.,
la., and
Kans., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Summer 213
and
autumn
Entire
year
205
Triosteum perfoli- Herb, 2 to 3 ft. tall, Mass, to Late 222
atum (Horse Ivs. clasping, fr. or- Nebr., s. to summer
Gentian) ange Ala. and Mo. and
autumn
Abies balsamea
(Balsam Fir)
Acer Negundo
(Box Elder)
Acer rubrum (Red
Maple)
Acer saccharinum
(Silver Maple)
Acer saccharum
(Sugar Maple)
Lygodesmia juncea
(Skeleton Weed)
Phragmites com-
munis (Reed
Grass)
Sugars and Gums
Tree, evergreen, Nfld. to Hud-
Ivs. linear, cones son Bay and
erect, 2-4 in. long Sask., s. to
Mass., Pa.,
and la.
Entire 225
year
Tree (maple), Ivs.
opposite compound,
fr. winged
Forest tree, gray
bark, Ivs. sharp-
lobed, fr. small
Large tree, gray
bark, Ivs. deep-
lobed, fr. large
Forest tree, bark
dark gray, scaly,
lobes of Ivs. long-
pointed
Perennial, stem
stiff, branched,
rushlike, 8-16 in.
high, hds. few-fld.
Coarse grass, 5-12
ft. high, panicle
plumelike, swampy
ground
Me. to Man.,
s. to Fla. and
Mex.
N.S. to Man.,
s. to Fla.
and Tex.
N.B. to Fla.,
w. to S.D.
and Okla.
Nfld. to
Man., s. to
Fla. and Tex.
Wis. and
Minn., to
Mont., s. to
Mo. and
N.M.
Throughout
U.S. and s.
Can.
Feb.
to
Apr.
Feb.
to
Apr.
Feb.
to
Apr.
Feb.
to
Apr.
231
230
231
228
Summer 232
Summer 226
Index 290
SCIENTIFIC AND IN
COMMON NAMES CHARACTERISTICS RANGE SEASON PAGE
Silphium lacinia- Rough perennial, Ohio to S.D., Summer 232
turn (Compass 6-10 ft. high, Ivs. s. to Ala.,
Plant) edges vertical, fl. La., and
head large Tex.
EDIBLE PLANTS
of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific States
Wild Fruits
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Amelanchier alni-
Shrub, 4-7 ft. high,
Ont. to Nebr.,
Summer 38
folia (Northwest-
fr. purple, with
w. to Br. Col.
ern Juneberry)
bloom y$ in. in
and Cal.
tiiain.
Arctost a phy 1 os
Wide spreading
Pacific Coast
Summer 90
Manzanita
shrubs, bark
(Manzanita)
smooth, brownish
red, fr. red
Berberis aquifolium
Shrub, 5 ft. high,
Rocky Mts. to
Autumn 88
(Oregon Grape)
spreading, Ivs.
Coast
evergreen, fr. daik
blue, clustered
Berberis haemato-
Shrub, evergreen,
N.M. "and
Summer 89
carpa (Red-
5-10 ft. high, leaf-
Ariz.
Fruited Bar-
lets 5, fr. blood-red
berry)
Celtis reticulata
Tree, 20-40 ft. high,
Colo, to w.
Autumn 5
(Western Hack-
Ivs. small, unequal
Tex., w. to
berry)
at base, fr. brown
Calif.
Cereus giganteus
Our largest cactus,
Arizona
Autumn 89
(Giant Cactus)
columnar or with i
or 2 br., 5 to 35 ft.
high, fr. red
Condalia obovata
Spiny shrub or
Tex. and
Summer 53
(Purple Haw)
small tree, Ivs.
Mexico
leathery, fr. black,
54 in. in diam.
Crataegus rivularis
Shrub or small tree,
Rocky Mtn.
Autumn 40
(Western Black
spines l /2 in. long,
States
Hawthorn)
fr. nearly black
2QI
Index
292
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Fragaria califor-
nica (California
Strawberry)
Fragaria vesca
(Wood Straw-
berry)
Gaultheria shallon
(Western Win-
tergreen)
Juniperus occiden-
tals (California
Juniper)
Lonicera involu-
crata (Twin-
berry)
Opuntia basilaris
(Prickly Pear)
Opuntia ficus-indica
(Indian Fig)
Opuntia megacan-
tha (Indian Fig)
Opuntia polyacan-
tha (Tuna)
Photinia arbutifolia
(Christmas
Berry)
Physalis ixocarpa
(Tomatillo)
CHARACTERISTICS
Plant with scape 3-
6 in. high, leaflets
3, fr. red, seeds in
shallow pits
Stemless herb, leaf-
lets 3, fr. red, seeds
on surface
Slender shrub, 2-6
ft. high, fr. in ra-
cemes, black
Tree, 15-40 ft.
high, spreading, Ivs.
in threes, f r. bluish,
resinous
Shrub, upright, 2-
8 ft. high, fls. yel-
low, berries black,
not always edible
A low spreading
cactus, 5-10 in.
high, joints flat,
spines few or ab-
sent
Treelike cactus, 10-
15 ft. high, cylin-
drical trunk, joints
flattened, fr. purple,
pulp red
Often treelike, 4 to
12 ft. high, similar
to last, sp. fr. 3 to
5 in. long, yellow
Prostrate, spread-
ing cactus, flat,
jointed, fls. yellow,
fr. i in. long
Shrub or small tree,
Ivs. evergreen, fr.
bright red, l /s in.
across
Annual, erect
branching 10 to 30
in. high, fr. purple,
large (^ in.)
RANGE
Calif.
N.B. to N.J.,
w. to Ore.
B.C. to Calif.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Summer 22
Summer 21
Summer 90
and
autumn
Pacific Coast Autumn 88
Calif, to
Wash.
Summer 90
and
autumn
Southwestern
U.S.
Autumn 62
and
winter
Southwestern
U.S.
Southwestern
U.S.
Autumn 64
and
winter
Autumn 64
and
winter
Rocky Mts. Autumn 62
Calif.
N.Y. to Tex.
and Calif.
Autumn 89
and
winter
Summer 80
and
autumn
293
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Prunus melano-
carpa (Rocky
Mountain
Cherry)
Prunus subcordata
(Sierra Plum)
Prunus virginiana
(Choke Cherry)
Pyrua diversifolia
(Oregon Crab
Apple)
Rhamnus crocea
(Redberry)
Ribes aureum
(Golden Cur-
rant)
Ribes vulgare (Red
Garden Currant)
Rubus Chamaemo-
rus (Baked-Ap-
ple Berry)
Rubus leucodermis
(Western Rasp-
berry)
Rubus parviflorus
(Salmonberry)
Rubus strigosus
(Wild Red Rasp-
berry)
CHARACTERISTICS
Small tree, similar
to Choke Cherry, f r.
dark brown, ^3 in.
in diam.
Shrub, 3 to 6 ft.
high, branched, fr.
red, */4 to i in. long
Shrub or sm. tree,
fr. in racemes, red
or brown, J/J in. in
diam.
Small tree, 10 to 30
ft. high, f r. */ 2 to y 4
in. in diam. purplish
A buckthorn, 2 to 3
ft. high to a small
tree, Ivs. stiff, ever-
green, fr. red
Tall, spineless
shrub, fls. yellow,
spicy, fr. black
Shrub, 2 to 4 ft.
high, fr. smooth,
red, juicy
Low, 4 to 12 in.
high, br. 2- to 3-
leaved, fr. yellow,
in bogs
Shrubby, prickly,
leaflets 3 to 7, petals
white, fr. red or
black
Shrub, unarmed,
Ivs. 5-lobed, fls.
white, fr. red
Shrubby, upright,
prickles weak or
bristly, fr. red
RANGE
Rocky Mts.,
Can. to N.M.
Calif, and
Ore.
Can. to Gulf,
Atlantic to
Pacific
Alaska to
Calif.
Calif.
Minn,
Tex., w.
Pacific
to
to
IN
SEASON PAGE
Autumn 51
Summer 44
and
autumn
Autumn 49
Autumn 34
and
winter
Summer 52
and
autumn
Summer 16
Summer 14
Summer 27
E. U.S. also
Ore. and
Wash. '
Me. and
N.H., n. to
ArcticAmer.,
w. to B.C.
and Alaska
Pacific states Summer 27
Mich, to
Minn., w. to
Alaska and
Calif., s. to
Colo, and
Utah
Nfld. to N.C.,
w. to B.C., 9.
to N.M.
Summer 24
Summer 24
Index
294
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON WAMFS
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON
PAGE
Samb'jcus glauca
(Blue-Berried
Elder)
Tree, 10 to 40 ft.
high, fr. nearly J4
in. in diam., blue-
blark
Utah to Cal-
i f . , n . to
Mont, and
Wash.
Autumn
3
Shepherdia argen-
tea (Buffalo Ber-
ry)
Shrub, slightly
thorny, 5 to is ft.
high, Ivs. silvery, fr.
scai let, acid
Minn, and
Man., s. and
w. to Kans.,
N.M., Calif.,
and Ida.
Summer
and
autumn
64
Viburnum Opulus
(Cranberry Tree)
Shrub, 8 ft. high, fr.
clustered, bright
red, sour
Nfld. to B.C.,
s. to N.J., la.,
and Ore.
Autumn
to
winter
84
Viburnum pauciflo-
rum (Pirnbina)
Spreading shrub, 3
to 5 ft. high, fr.
light red, clustered
Nfld. to B.C.,
s. to N.J., la.,
and Ore.
Autumn
85
Vitis arizonica
(Arizona Grape)
Weak trailing vine,
Ivs. small, berries
small, black
Tex. to Ariz.
Autumn
59
Washingtonia fili-
fera (California
Fan Palm)
Palm tree, 20 to 70
ft. high, Ivs. fan-
shaped, fr. small
Around Colo.
Desert and
Calif.
Summer
and
autumn
88
Yucca baccata
Low, almost stem-
Southwestern
Summer
2
(Spanish Bayo-
net)
less, Ivs. stiff, point-
ed, fr. pulpy, 4 in.
long
U.S.
Yucca macrocarpa
(Broad-Leaved
Similar, Ivs. broad-
er, stern 5 to 12 ft.
Southwestern
U.S.
Summer
3
Yucca)
high, fr. 4 in. long
Castanopsis chryso-
phylla (Giant
Chinquapin)
Castanopsis sem-
pervirens (Bush
Chinquapin)
Edible Nuts
Tree, thick rough N. Calif. Summer no
bark, Ivs. evergreen, and
margins entire, nut autumn
l /t in. long
Shrub, evergreen, i W. mts. Summer no
to 8 ft. high, Ivs. and
yellowish, burs large autumn
295
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Corylus rostrata
(Beaked Hazel-
nut)
CHARACTERISTICS
Shrub, 3 to 6 ft.
high, nut in tubular
husk
RANGE
N.S. tO B.C.,
s . to G a . ,
Tenn., Kans.,
and Ore.
IN
SEASON PAGE
August
to
Oct.
106
Juglans californica
(California Wal-
nut)
Tree, spreading,
broader than high,
nut channeled
Juglans kindsii Tree, 30 to 60 ft.
(Walnut) high, trunk un-
branched, nut near-
ly smooth
Pinus contorta
(Scrub Pine)
Pinus edulis (Rocky
Mt. Nut Pine)
Pinus monophylla
(One-Leaved Nut
Pine)
Pinus quadrifolia
(Parry Pine)
Pinus sabiniana
(Digger Pine)
Tree, up to 35 ft.
high, spreading,
bark rough, needles
in twos, cone i^4
in. long
Small tree, 30 ft.
high, spreading Ivs.
in twos., iJ4 iJ 2 in.
long, cone 2 in.
long
Tree, 15-30 ft. high,
spreading, Ivs. i,
cone 3 in. in diam.,
seed 34 in. long
Tree, 15-30 ft. high,
spreading Ivs. in
fours, \\\ in. long,
seed } '] in. long
Tree, 50-80 ft. high,
Ivs. in threes, 7-
12 in. long, cone
large 8-12 in. long
Quercus lobata Large tree, spread-
( Western White ing, bark gray,
Oak) checked, acorns 2
in. long
Canons and Autumn 96
foothills, Cal.
Central Cal- Autumn 96
if.
Alaska to Autumn 93
Calif. near
Coast
Colo., s. and Autumn 91
w. to Mexico
Utah, JVev., Summer 92
Ariz., and and
Calif. autumn
S. Calif.
Autumn 93
Foothills Autumn 93
around cen-
tral valley of
Calif.
W. U.S.
Autumn in
Index
296
Edible Seeds and Seed Pods
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Amaranthus blito-
ides (Prostrate
Amaranth)
Amaranthus hy-
brid u s (Red
Amaranth)
Avena fatua (Wild
Oat)
Brassica nigra
(Black Mustard)
Elymus condensa-
tus (Rye Grass)
Elymus triticoides
(Wild Wheat)
Helianthus annuus
(Sunflower)
Linum Lewisii
(Blue Flax)
Madia sativa
(Chile Tarweed)
Medicago lupulina
(Black Medic)
Nymphaea polyse-
pala (Indian
Pond Lily)
Oryzopsis hymeno-
ides (Indian Mil-
let)
CHARACTERISTICS
Annual weed,
spreading, seeds,
small, black
Annual weed, 4 ft.
high, root red, seed
small black shining
Grass, 2 to 3 ft. tall,
similar to common
oats
Annual, 2 to 5 ft.
fls. yellow, pod l /*
in. long
Tufted grass, 3-6
ft. tall, spike 6-12
in. long
Grass, culms
smooth, 24 ft. tall,
spike 4-8 in. long
Annual, 3-6 ft. tall,
rough, fl. heads 3-6
in. broad
Perennial, slender,
1-2 ft. high, Ivs.
linear, crowded,
fls. blue
Annual, erect, ro-
bust, 1-4 ft. high,
ill-scented, fls. yel-
low
Cloverlike, spread-
ing, fls. yellow, pod
twisted
Plant, aquatic, pistil
i, compound, fls.
yellow
Grass, tufted, 1-2
ft. tall, panicle, 3-6
in. long
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Me. to N.J., Summer 129
w. to Pacific and
autumn
Over most of
N.A.
Wis. and 111.,
w. to Coast
U.S.
Can.
and s.
Minn, to
Colo. and
N.M., w. to
Pacific
Minn, to
Colo. s. and
w. to Pacific
Minn, to
Tex., w. to
Coast
Wis. to Tex.,
w. to Alaska
and Calif.
Pacific Coast
Over most of
U.S.
Alaska to
Calif, and
Col.
la. to Tex.,
w. to Wash,
and Calif.
Summer 129
and
autumn
Summer 128
Summer 116
and
autumn
Autumn 128
Summer 128
and
autumn
Autumn 127
Summer 130
and
autumn
Summer 130
and
autumn
Summer 129
and
autumn
Summer 116
and
autumn
Summer 128
and
autumn
297
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
IN
SEASON PAGB
Phaseolus acutifo- Twining vine, slen- W. Tex. to Summer 122
lius (Tepary der, pods 3 in. long, Ariz.
Bean) somewhat flattened
Phaseolus retusus Vine, perennial, Southwestern Summer 130
(Prairie Bean) root large, pods l /2 U.S. and
in. wide autumn
Prosopis glandulosa Shrub or sm. tree, W. Kans., to Autumn 118
(Mesquite) armed with spines, Nev., s. to
Ivs. compound, pods Tex., N.M.,
beanlike, 4-8 in. Ariz., and
long Calif.
and
winter
Prunus ilicifolia Shrub, evergreen, Calif, and Summer 129
(Islay) 5-12 ft. high, fr. Ariz. and
purplish, y$ in. in autumn
diam., seed large
Salvia columbariae Herb, 6-15 in. high, Calif, and Summer 125
(Chia) annual, fls. in northern
whorls Mexico
Sisymbrium canes- Annual, Ivs. finely W. States Summer 118
cens (Western dissected, pods *4- and
Hedge Mustard) l /z in. long autumn
Sisymbrium offici- Annual, fls. small Widely dis- Summer 118
nale (Hedge yellow, pods l /z in. tributed
Mustard) long
Strombocarpa pu- Shrub or small tree, Tex. to Calif. Autumn 119
bescens (Screw spreading, leaflets
Bean) about 6 pairs, pod
twisted, i l / 2 in. long
Salad Plants and Potherbs
Agave parryi (Cen- Roots bulbous, Ivs.
tury Plant)
fleshy, with spines
on margin, panicle
large
Southwestern
U.S.
Amaranthus hy- Annual, 4 ft. high, Can. to trop-
bridus (Slender roots red, seeds ics
Pigweed) black
Spring
and
Spring
and
163
163
Index
298
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Amaranthus Pal-
meri (Palmer's
Amaranth)
Amaranthus retro-
flex us (Green
Amaranth)
Anagallis arvensis
(Scarlet Pimper-
nel)
CHARACTERISTICS
Annual, erect, stout,
2-4 ft. high, spikes
dense
Annual, stout, 3-6
ft. high, roots red,
seeds black
Herb, low spread-
ing, Ivs. opposite, fl.
scarlet, 5-lobed
Arctium minus Biennial, Ivs. large,
(Common Bur- purple fls. forming
dock) burs
Barbarea vulgaris
(Winter Cress)
Capsella Bursa-
pastoris (Shep-
herd's-Purse)
Chenopodium al-
bum (Lamb's
Quarter)
Tufted erect, Ivs.
smooth, fls. yellow,
1-2 ft. high
Annual, fls. white, i
ft. high, Ivs. mostly
basal, peppery
Weed, annual, 2-6
ft. high, branched,
fls. small greenish
Cichorium Intybus Perennial, 1-4 ft.
(Chicory) tall, Ivs. chiefly
basal, fls. blue
Epilobium angusti-
folium (Fire-
weed)
Eriogonum in-
flatum (Desert
Trumpet)
Impatiens biflora
(Spotted Touch-
Me-Not)
Lactuca scariola
(Prickly Lettuce)
Perennial herb, 2-5
ft. tall, Ivs. entire,
fls. purple
Herbaceous, 1-3 ft.
high, branched,
nodes much inflated
Annual, succulent,
3 ft. high, Ivs. oval,
pale beneath, fls.
orange, spotted
Weed, 2-5 ft. tall,
weak prickles on
stem and Ivs.
RANGE
Mo. to Kans.
and Tex.
west
U.S. gener-
ally
Nfld. to Fla.,
w. to Minn,
and Tex.,
also Calif.
Over much of
U.S., less
common
West
Lab. to Va.,
w. to Coast
IN
SEASON PAGE
Spring 163
and
summer
Spring 143
and
Spring 166
Spring 166
Spring 151
World-wide Spring 164
Over N.A.
and Europe
N.S. to
Minn., s. to
Fla. and
Kans., also
Pac. states
Can. s. to Va.,
Kans. and
Calif.
Calif.
Colo.
N.M.
j. to
and
N.S. to
Wash., s. to
Fla., Kans.
and Ore.
Spring 140
and
summer
Spring 158
Spring 166
Spring 164
Spring 167
Atlantic
Pacific
to Spring 161
299
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Malva rotundifolia
(Low Mallow)
CHARACTERISTICS
Biennial, low,
spreading on gr.,
Ivs. round, fls.
white
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Atlantic to Spring 165
Pacific
Mesembryanthe-
mum crystalli-
num (Ice Plant)
Herb, succulent,
fleshy, covered with
shiny air sacs
Calif. Coast
Spring
and
summer
164
Mesembryanthe-
mum edule (Hot-
tentot Fig)
Herb, succulent,
fleshy, Ivs. curved
Calif. Coast
sand dunes
Winter
and
spring
164
Montia perfoliata
(Miner's Lettuce)
Herb, stem, Ivs.
forming cup, fls.
white in raceme
B.C. to Ida.,
s. to Calif,
and Ariz.
Spring
and
summer
H5
Oxyria digyna
(Mountain Sor-
rel)
Alpine herb, 4-10
in. high, stems sim-
ple, fls. greenish
Arctic re-
gions, s. to
N . E . and
Spring
and
summer
140
western mts.
Peltiphyllum pelta-
tum (Indian
Rhubarb)
Herb, large, fleshy,
1-4 ft. high, Ivs.
round, 1-2 ft. broad,
petioles 2-3 ft. long
Mts. Calif,
and Ore.
Spring
to
autumn
153
Plantago major
(Common Plan-
tain)
Polygonum Persi-
caria (Lady's
Thumb)
Portulaca oleracea
(Purslane)
Pteris aquilina
(Bracken)
Radicula nastur-
tium-aquaticum
(Water Cress)
Radicula palustris
(Marsh Cress)
Rumex crispus
'Curled Dock)
Weed, Ivs. entire,
basal, fls. in a spike
Annual, 10-20 in.
high, fls. pink in ra-
ceme
Annual weed of
cult, grounds, pros-
trate, fleshy
Coarse fern, 2-5 ft.
tall, wide-spreading
Annual, in brooks
and ditches, Ivs.
peppery, fls. white
Plant, erect, 10-20
in. tall, Ivs. deep-
cut, peppery, fls. yel-
low
Perennial, erect, 2-
3 ft. tall, large
wavy Ivs.
Atlantic to Spring 166
Pacific
Throughout Summer 163
U.S.
N e a r 1 y Summer 144
throughout
U.S.
Throughout Spring 135
U.S.
N.S. to Ga., Nearly 148
w. to Ida.
and Calif.
through
year
Over much Spring 149
of N.A.
Throughout Spring 139
U.S.
Index
300
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Rumex hymenosep-
alus (Canaigre)
Salicornia ambigua
(Glasswort)
CHARACTERISTICS
A dock, 1-2 ft. high,
stout, roots, tuber-
ous, panicle 6-12 in.
long
Stems succulent, 5-
12 in. long, jointed,
in salt marshes
Salicornia europaea Annual, jointed,
(Saltwort) fleshy, 5-15 in. high
IN
RANGE SEASON PAGE
Texas to Spring 164
Calif.
Atlantic and Spring 164
Pacific
Coasts
East and
West
and
summer
Spring 163
and
Salsola kali tenui-
folia (Russian
Thistle)
Sarcobatus vermi-
culatus (Grease-
wood)
Scirpus valid us
(Great Bulrush)
Sonchus oleraceus
(Sow Thistle)
Stellaria media
(Chickweed)
Taraxacum offici-
nale (Dandelion)
Trifolium pratense
(Red Clover)
Urtica gracilis
(Slender Nettle)
Veronica americana
(American
Brooklime)
Herb, branched, Ivs.
prickle-tipped, our
worst "tumble-
weed."
Shrub, 3 105 ft. high,
bark white, Ivs.
fleshy
Upright in marshes,
3 to 8 ft. tall
Annual, leafy, soft
spiny, 2 to 5 ft. tall,
fls. yellow, cult,
ground
Annual, tufted,
weak, Ivs. opposite,
fls. white
Stemless herb with
tufted toothed Ivs.
Common field crop,
Ivs. 3, fl. head pur-
pie
Herbaceous, slen-
der, 2 to 7 ft. high,
plant with stinging
hairs
Herbaceous, i to 3
ft. tall, Ivs. clasping,
fls. blue, in brooks
Gt. Plains to Spring 142
Pacific
and
summer
Rocky Mts. to Spring 142
Pacific
Nearly
throughout
N.A.
N e a r 1 y
throughout
U.S.
Throughout
U.S.
N e a r 1 y
throughout
U.S.
Nearly
throughout
U.S.
N f 1 d . to
Minn., s. to
N.C.andMo.,
w. to Coast
Que. to Alas-
ka, s. to Pa.,
Nebr., N.M.
and Calif.
Spring 162
Spring 166
and
summer
Spring 146
and
Spring 159
Spring 165
Spring 138
and
Spring 166
and
summer
301
Index
Edible Roots and Tubers
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Abronia latifolia
(Seacoast Abro-
nia)
Agave utahensis
(Utah Aloe)
Allium validum
(Swamp Onion)
Balsamorhiza hoo-
keri (Hooker's
Balsam Root)
Balsamorhiza sagit-
tata (Balsam
Root)
Brodiaea capitata
(Wild Hyacinth)
Brodiaea gr and i flo-
ra (Harvest Bro-
diaea)
Cakile edentula
(American Sea
Rocket)
Callirhoe pedata
(Pimple Mallow)
Calochortus Nuttal-
Hi (Sego Lily)
Carum gairdneri
(Ipoor Yampa)
CHARACTERISTICS
Stems i to 2 ft. long,
prostrate, fls. yel-
low, taproots fleshy
A "century plant,"
Ivs. evergreen, bas-
al, fleshy, trunk un-
derground, fl. stem
6 ft. high
Stem flattened, i to
3 ft. high, bulb ob-
long, fls. pink
Herbaceous root,
large Ivs. deep-cut,
fl. head 2 in. across
Herbaceous, x to 2
ft. high, from thick
roots, rays yellow
Bulb onionlike, Ivs.
grasslike, fls. blue,
lilylike
Bulb onionlike, fl.
scape, 8 to 20 in.
high, fls. blue in um-
bel
Annual, 6 to 12 in.
high, root large,
stem fleshy, on sea-
shore
Herb, erect, i to 3
ft. high, fls. purple,
root large, starchy
Stem 6 to 1 8 in.
high from corm, i
in. in diam., Ivs.
grasslike, fl. 2 l / 2 in.
in diam.
Stalk i to 3 ft. high,
roots tuberous, fls.
white in umbels
RANGE
IN
SEASON PAGE
Coast, Wash. Spring 198
to Calif.
Utah, Ariz., Spring 198
N e v . , and
Calif.
Wash, to Cal-
if.
Wash, to
Utah and
Calif.
Mont, to
Wash., s. to
Colo, and
Calif.
Calif.
Wash: to
Calif.
Spring 176
and
summer
Summer 200
Summer 200
Spring 197
and
summer
Spring 197
and
summer
Calif. Coast, Spring 198
also Nfld. to
Fla.
Nebr. to Ida. Summer 199
Mont, to Spring 177
N.M., w. to (chiefly)
Calif., and
Ore.
B.C. to Calif., Spring 191
e. to Wyo., and
Colo., and summer
N.M.
Index
302
SCIENTIFIC AND
COMMON NAMES
Chlorogalum pome-
ridianum (Amo-
le)
Cirsium edule (In-
dian Thistle)
Cirsium foliosum
(Elk Thistle)
Cymopterus monta-
nus (Gamote)
Glycyrrhiza lepido-
ta (Wild Lico-
rice)
Hedysarum Mac-
kenzii (Licorice
Root)
Lewisia rediviva
(Bitterroot)
Lomatium farino-
sum (Biscuit-
root)
Lomatium geyeri
(Biscuitroot)
Oenanthe sarmen-
tosa (Water Pars-
ley)
Orobanche ludovi-
ciana (Broom-
rape)
Potentilla Anseri-
na (Silverweed)
CHARACTERISTICS
Plants 3 to 9 ft.
high, from bulb 3 to
4 in. long, panicle
large, fr. lilylike
Plant 3 to 6 ft. high,
prickly, fls. purple
to white
Plant i to 2 ft. high,
from fleshy root,
lepfy, prickly, fl. 2
in. high
Plant 12 to 15 in.
high, from fleshy
root, fls. yellow in
umbels
Herb, i to 3 ft.
high, from long,
thick sweet edible
roots, fls. yellow
Stems 12 to 30 in.
high, roots fleshy,
sweet, leaflets n to
19, fls. purple
Low herb, root
thick and fleshy,
Ivs. fleshy, fl. white
Plant parsniplike
with fleshy, starchy
root or roots
Plant similar to the
last, fls. in umbels
Aquatic, in slow
streams, thick root,
stem 2 to 4 ft. high
Root parasite,
fleshy base, no Ivs.,
stalk purplish, 6 in.
high
Root fleshy, plant
trailing, i to 3 ft.
long, fls. yellow
RANGE
Calif.
IN
SEASON PAGE
Calif,
Wash.
to
Wash, to
Wyo. and n.
Southwestern
U.S.
and N.M.
Hudson Bay
to B.C., s. to
Mo. and
Calif.
Central Can.
to Alaska
Mont., Wyo.,
Utah, w. to
Coast
E. Wash,
and Ida.
N. Ida. and
c. Wash.
B.C. to Calif.
111. to S.D.,
s. and w. to
Tex. and
Calif.
Greenland to
N.J., w. to
Alaska and
Calif.
Spring
and
Spring
and
summer
Spring
and
Spring
and
summer
197
Spring
and
summer
200
Summer 199
Summer 199
182
Spring 190
and
summer
Spring 190
and
summer
Spring 200
and
summer
Spring 200
and
Spring 199
and
summer
3<>3
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Quamasia qua-
Stems i to 2 ft.
Mont, and
Spring 179
mash (Camass)
high from coated
Utah, w. to
and
bulb, fls. blue, lily-
B.C. and
summer
like
Calif.
Sagittaria latifolia
Root tuberous, Ivs.
N e a r 1 y
Early 169
(Arrowhead)
arrow-shaped, in
throughout
spilng
water, plant i to 3
U.S. and s.
and summer
ft. high
Can.
Solanum fendleri
Perennial, roots
N . M . and
Summer 200
(Wild Potato)
with tubers, plant
Ariz, in mis.
and
potato-like, fls. pur-
autumn
plish
Solanum Jamesii
Perennial, similar
N.M. and
Summer 200
(Wild Potato)
to la^t but with
Ariz. n. to
and
white rK.
Colo, and
autumn
Utah
Tragopogon porri-
Fleshy taproot, Ivs.
N. states and
Spring 200
folius (Salsify)
grasslike, n". scape
Pacific Coast
i to 2 ft. high, fls.
purple
Typha latifolia
In shaUow water,
Throughout
Spring 196
(Cattail)
Ivs. ] > to i in. wide,
U.S. and s.
spike i in. thick
Can.
Valeriana edulis
Percniii.il, large
Ont. to Ohio,
Spring 194
(Valerian)
root, plant 2 to 3 ft.
w. to Coast
to
high, fls. whitish
fall
Beverage and Flavoring Plants
Croton corymbulo-
Perennial herb, Ivs.
W. Tex. to
Spring 221
sus (Chaparral
entire gray both
Ariz.
and
Tea)
surfaces
summer
Ephedra sp. (Des-
Shrubs, slender
Southwestern
All year 221
ert Tea)
jointed stems, Ivs.
U.S.
scaielike
Mentha canadensis
Herb i to 2 ft. high,
N.B. to Va.,
Spring 218
(American Wild
Ivs. opposite-
w. to Coast
to
Mint)
toothed, aromatic,
autumn
fls. in whorls
Index
SCIENTIFIC AND
IN
COMMON NAMES
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE
SEASON PAGE
Mentha spicata
(Spearmint)
Herb, i to i l / 2 ft.
high, Ivs. aromatic,
fls. spiked
N.S. to Minn,
and Wash.,
s. to Fla.,
Tex., and
Calif.
Summer 218
and
autumn
Micromeria cha-
missonis (Yerba
Buena)
Perennial, trailing
evergreen, i to 2 ft.
long, Ms. white
Pacific states
Ever- 222
green
all year
Pellaea ornithopus
(Bird's-Foot
Fern)
Plants 8 to 15 in.
high, evergreen,
stalks wiry, dark
brown
Calif.
Ever- 220
green
all year
Pseudotsuga taxi-
folia (Douglas
Spruce)
Large tree, bark
thick, soft, Ivs. J/ to
i 1 /^ in. long, cone 2
to 3 in. long, bract-
ed
Calif, to
Alaska
Entire 220
year
Rhus integrifolia
(Lemonade Ber-
ry)
Shrub, 3 to 10 ft.
high, Ivs. entire ev-
ergreen, fr. red
S. Calif.
Summer 214
and
autumn
Rhus trilobata
(Squawbush)
Shrub, 2 to 3 ft.
high, branched,
leaflets 3, elliptic,
entire, fr. red
111. to Tex.,
w. to Coast
Summer 213
and
autumn
Sugars and Gums
Phragmites com-
munis (Reed
Grass)
Coarse grass, 5 to
12 ft. high, panicle
plumelike, swampy
ground
Throughout
U.S. and s.
Can.
Summer 226
and
autumn
Pinus lambertiana
(Sugar Pine)
Large tree, brown
bark, needles in
fives, cone 15 in.
long
Mts., Calif,
and Ore.
Entire 225
year
Rhus ovata (Sugar-
bush)
Shrub, 2 to 10 ft.
high, Ivs. entire,
shining, fr. red
S. Calif.
Summer 231
and
autumn
GENERAL INDEX
Synonyms in Italics
Abbott, Dr. Charles C., 79
Abies balsamea, 225
Abronia, Seacoast, 198
Abronia arenaria, 198
Abronia latifolia, 198
Acer Negundo, 231
Acer nigrum, 230
Acer rubrum, 230
Acer saccharinum, 231
Acer saccharum, 228
Acorus Calamus, 173
Adam's Needle, 3
Adder's-Tongue, Yellow, 197
Agastache Foeniculum, 223
Agave parryi, 163
Agave utahensis, 198
Ague Tree, 205
Alder, Black, 222
Allegheny Sloe, 46
Alligator Pear, 210
Allium canadense, 176
Allium cernuum, 175
Allium tricoccum, 176
Allium validuni, 176
Allium vineale, 176
Allspice, Wild, 207
Aloe, Utah, 198
Alpine Sorrel, 140
Alsine media, 146
Amaranth, Green, 143
Amaranth, Palmer's, 163
Amaranth, Prostrate, 129
Amaranth, Red, 129
Amaranth, Spleen, 163
Amaranthus blitoides, 129
Amaranthus hybridus, 129, 163
Amaranthus Palmeri, 163
Amaranthus retroflexus, 143
Amelanchier alnifolia, 38
Amelanchier Bartramiana, 39
Amelanchier canadensis, 37
Amelanchier intermedia, 39
American Barberry, 13
American Beech, 107
American Brooklime, 166
American Chestnut, 108
American Coffee Bean, 210
American Cowslip, 146
American Crab Apple, 33
American Cranberry, 74
American Elder, 82
American Lotus, 115
American Mountain Ash, 89
American Nelumbo, 115
American Papaw, 9
American Red Currant, 15
American Sea Rocket, 198
American Water Cress, 152
American Wayfaring Tree, ^4
American Wild Mint, 218
American Yew, i
Amole, 197
Amphicarpa uinnoica, 189
Amphicarpa Pitcheri, 190
Anagallis arvensis, 166
Anemonclla thalictroides, 198
Annona glabra, n
Annona muricata, n
Annona squamosa, iz
Apios Apios, 187
Apios tuberosa, 187
Appalachian Tea, 86, 222
Apple, Common, 35
Apple, Custard, 9
Apple, Earth, 194
Apple, May, 13
Apple, Pond, n
Apple, Prairie, 186
Apple, Sugar, n
Apple, Thorn, 39
Arctium Lappa, 166
Arctium minus, 166
Arctostaphylos Manzanita, 90
Arctostaphylos patula, 90
305
Index
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, 90
Argentina Anserina, 199
Arisaema triphyllum, 172
Arizona Mesquite, 118
Armoracia Armor acia, 149
Arrow Arum, Green, 196
Arrowhead, 169
Arrowleaf, 169
Arrowroot, Florida, 196
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 194
Arurn, Water, 196
Arundinaria gigantea, 129
Arundinaria macros perma, 129
Asarabacca, 181
Asarum canadense, 181
Asdepias Cornuti, 155
Asclepias syriaca, 155
Aaclepias tuberosa, 157
Ash-Leaved Maple, 231
Asimina triloba, 9
Asparagus, 162
Asparagus ofKcinalis, 162
Astragalus caryocarpus, 123
Astragalus mexicanus, 124
Atriplex sp., 129
Avena fatua, 128
Avena sativa, 128
Avens, Purple or Water, 221
Avocado, 210
Azalea, 154
Azalea nudi flora, 154
Bacon, Lord, 148
Bailey, Dr. L. H., 80
Baked-Apple Berry, 27
Balm, Bee, 222
Balm, Garden or Lemon, 222
Balsam Fir, 225
Balsam Root, 200
Balsam Root, Hooker's, 200
Balsamorhiza hookeri, 200
Balsamorhiza sagittata, 200
Banana, False, 9
Baptisia tinctoria, 165
Barbarea Barbarea, 151
Barbarea praecox, 150
Barbarea verna, 150
Barbarea vulgaris, 151
Barberry, American, 12
Barberry, European, n
Barberry, Red-Fruited, 89
306
Barton, B. S., 166
Bartram, John, 198
Basket Oak, 112
Bay, Red, 209
Bay, Sweet, 209, 221
Bayonet, Spanish, 2
Beach PI urn, 44
Beaked Hazelnut, 106
Bean, Black-Eyed, 130
Bean, China, 130
Bean, Prairie, 130
Bean, Screw, 119
Bean, Tepary, 122
Bean, Wild, 122, 187
Bean Vine, 122
Beans, Water, 115
Bear Grass, 3
Bear Oak, 112
Bearberry, 90
Bee Balm, 222
Beech, American, 107
Belle Isle Cress, 150
Bellwort, Pcrfoliate, 162
Benjamin Bush, 207
Benzoin aestivale, 207
Benzoin Benzoin, 207
Berberis aquifolium, 88
Berberis canadensis, 12
Berberis haematocarpa, 89
Berberis vulgaris, n
Bergamot, Wild, 222
Berry, Baked-Apple, 27
Berry, Blackcap, 25
Berry, Buffalo, 64
Berry, Christmas, 89
Berry, Rabbit, 64
Betula lenta, 204
Betula lutea, 205
Betula papyrifera, 205
Beverage and Flavoring Plants, 203
Big-Bud Hickory, 102
Big Shellbark Hickory, 101
Bilsted, 227
Birch, Black, Cherry, or Sweet, 204
Birch, Canoe or Paper, 205
Birch, Yellow, 205
Bird Cherry, 50
Bird's-Foot Cliff Brake, 220
Bird's-Foot Fern, 220
Biscuit, Indian, 190
Biscuit root, 190
30?
Bitter Cress, Pennsylvania, 152
Bitter Dock, 139
Bitter-Nut Hickory, 104
Bitterroot, 182
Black Alder, 222
Black Birch, 204
Black Currant, 16
Black Drink, Indian, 215
Black Gum, 89
Black Haw, 86
Black Huckleberry, 68
Black Locust, 120
Black Medic, 129
Black Mulberry, 9
Black Mustard, 116
Black Persimmon, 79
Black Raspberry, 25
Black Spruce, 220
Black Sugar Maple, 230
Black Walnut, 94
Black Wild Cherry, 48
Blackberry, Creeping, 30
Blackberry, High-Bush, 28
Blackberry, Mountain, 28
Blackberry, Running, 30
Blackberry, Tall, 29
Blackcap, 25
Black-Eyed Bean, 130
Blanchan, Neltje, 77
Blistered Rock Tripe, 133
Blue-Berried Elder, 83
Blue Dicks, 197
Blue Flax, no
Blue Grape, 56
Blue Huckleberry, 73
Blue-Sailors, 158
Blue Tangle, 69
Blue Violet, 165
Blueberry, Dwarf or Sugar, 72
Blueberry, Early Sweet, 72
Blueberry, High-Bush, 71
Blueberry, Late Low, 73
Blueberry, Low-Bush, 72
Blueberry, Swamp, 71
Bluewood, 53
Bog Potato, 187
Boner, John Henry, 58
Box Elder, 231
Boxberry, 67
Boxthorn, 80
Bracken, 135
Index
Brake, 135
Brake, Bird's-Foot Cliff, 220
Brassica alba, 118
Brassica nigra, 116
Breadroot, Indian, 186
Bristly Gooseberry, 20
Bristly Greenbrier, 198
Broad-Leaved Cattail, 196
Broad-Leaved Dock, 139
Broad-Leaved Yucca, 3
Brodiaea capitata, 197
Brodiaea grandiflora, 197
Brooklime, American, 166
Broom Hickory, 103
Broomcorn, Wild, 227
Broomrape, 200
Bryant, William Cullen, 79
Buckthorn, Alder, 52
Buckthorn, Carolina, 51
Buckthorn, Southern, 52
Buckthorn family, 51
Buffalo Berry, 64
Buffalo Currant, 16
Buffalo Pea, 123
Buffalo Pea, Larger, 124
Bullace Grape, 57
Bullnut, 102
Bulrush, Great American, 162, 196
Bumelia lycioides, 52
Bunchberry, 89
Burdock, Common, 166
Burdock, Great, 166
Burnet, Garden, 164
Burnet, Salad, 164
Burroughs, John, 82, 185
Bush Chinquapin, no
Bush Morning-Glory, 193
Butler, Dr. William, 20
Butterfly Weed, 157
Butternut, 96
Cabbage Palm, 136
Cabbage Tree, 136
Cactus, 6 1
Cactus, Giant, 89
Cactus family, 61
Cakile edentula, 198
Calamus Root, 173
California Fan Palm, 88
California Holly, 89
California Juniper, 88
Index
California Plum, 44
California Strawberry, 22
California Walnut, 96
California Wild Rose, 40
Calla, Wild, 196
Calla palustris, 196
Callirhoe pedata, 199
Calochortus Nuttallii, 177
Caltha palustris, 146
Camass, Eastern, 178
Camass, Western, 179
Camassia esculenta, 178
Camote, 200
Canada Lily, 197
Canada Plum, 42
Canadian Buffalo Berry, 66
Canaigre, 164
Cane, Large, 129
Canebrakes, 129
Capsella Bursa-Pastoris, 164
Cardamine penn^ylvanica, 152
Cardamine pratensis, 152
Cardamine rotundifolia, 152
Carduus edulis, 200
Carica Papaya, n
Carolina Buckthorn, 51
Carolina Lycium, 80
Carolina Vanilla, 223
Carrageen Moss, 132
Carrion Flower, 88
Carum gairdneri, 191
Carya alba, 102
Carya cordiformis, 104
Carya glabra, 103
Carya illinoensis, 98
Carya laciniosa, 101
Carya microcarpa, 104
Carya ovata, 99
Cassena, 215
Cassia occidentalis, 221
Castanea dentata, 108
Castanea nana, no
Castanea pumila, no
Castanopsis chrysophylla, no
Castanopsis sempervirens, no
Catlin, George, 41, 58, 65, 187
Cattail, Broad-Leaved, 196
Cattail, Narrow-Leaved, 196
Ceanothus americanus, 214
Celtis crassifolia, 5
Celtis mississippiensis, 5
3 o8
Celtis occidentalis, 3
Celtis reticulata, 5
Century Plant, 163
Ceratonia siliqua, 122
Cereus giganteus, 89
Cetraria Islandica, 132
Chamacncrion angusti folium, 166
Chamaepericlymenum canadense t
89
Chaparral Tea, 221
Chapman, John (Johnny Apple-
seed), 36
Checkerberry, 67
Cheeses, 165
Chenopodium album, 140
Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, 141
Chenopodium Frernontii, 129
Chenopodium leptophyllum, 129
Chenopodium urbicum, 141
Cherry, Bird, 50
Cherry, Black Wild, 48
Cherry, Choke, 49
Cherry, Dwarf, 51
Cherry, Ground, 79
Cherry, Indian, 51
Cherry, Mountain, 45
Cherry, Pin, 50
Cherry, Rocky Mountain, 51
Cherry, Rum, 48
Cherry, Sand, 51
Cherry, Sour, 48
Cherry, Sweet, 46
Cherry, Western Sand, 51
Chestnut, American or Sweet, 108
Chestnut Oak, 112
Chia, 125
Chickasaw Plum, 45
Chicken Grape, 56
Chickweed, Common, 146
Chicory, 158
Chicot, 210
Chile Tarweed, 130
China Bean, 130
China Brier, 198
Chinquapin, no
Chinquapin, Bush, no
Chinquapin, Giant, no
Chinquapin, Water, 115
Chinquapin Oak, 112
Chiogenes hispidula, 76
Chlorogalum pomeridianum, 197
3<>9
Choate, Isaac Bassett, 81
Chocolate Root, 221
Choke Cherry, 49
Choke Pear, 31
Chondrus crispus, 132
Christmas Berry, 89
Chufa, 171
Cichorium Intybus, 158
Cirsium edule, 200
Cirsium foliosum, 200
Cladonia rangiferina, 162
Claytonia caroliniana, 198
Claytonia perfoliata, 145
Claytonia virginica, 198
Cloudberry, 27
Clover, Red, 165
Cluster Lily, 197
Clute, Willard N., 227
Cochlearia Armoracia, 149
Coco Grass, 171
Coffee, Wild, 222
Coffee Bean, American, 210
Coffee Senna, 221
Coffee Tree, Kentucky, 210
Coffeevieed, 221
Commelina communis, 162
Common Chickweed, 146
Common Milkweed, 155
Common Sunflower, 127
Compass Plant, 232
Comptonia peregrina, 221
Condalia obovata, 53
Coontie, 196
Cooper, Walter, 108
Corn Salad, 157
Corn Salad, Beaked, 157
Corn Salad, Goosefoot, 157
Cornel, Dwarf, 89
Cornus canadensis, 89
Corylus americana, 105
Corylus rostrata, 106
Coville, Dr. Frederick V., 62, 72, 143,
144, 227
Cow Oak, 112
Cowas, 190
Cowberry, 70
Cowpea, 130
Cowslip, American, 146
Crab Apple, American, 33
Crab Apple, Narrow-Leaved, 32
Crab Apple, Oregon, 34
Index
Crab Apple, Siberian, 34
Crab Apple, Western, 34
Crab Apple, Wild, 32
Cranberry, American, 74
Cranberry, European, 76
Cranberry, High-Bush, 84
Cranberry, Large, 74
Cranberry, Low-Bush, 70
Cranberry, Mountain or Rock, 70
Cranberry, Small, 76
Cranberry Tree, 84
Crataegus aestivalis, 40
Crataegus mollis, 40
Crataegus rivularis, 40
Creeping Blackberry, 30
Creeping Snowberry, 76
Cress, American Water, 152
Cress, Belle Isle, 150
Cress, Marsh, 149
Cress, Meadow, 152
Cress, Pennsylvania Bitter, 153
Cress, Penny, 164
Cress, Round-Leaved Water, 152
Cress, True Water, 148
Cress, Winter, 150, 151
Crinkle-Root, 183
Croton corymbulosus, 221
Cuckoo Flower, 152
Cucumber Root, Indian, 180
Curled Dock,, 139
Currant, American Red, 15
Currant, Buffalo, 16
Currant, Fetid, 15
Currant, Garden, 14
Currant, Golden, 16
Currant, Missouri, 16
Currant, Skunk, 15
Currant, Swamp Red, 15
Currant, Wild Black, 16
Currant Tree, 39
Custard Apple, 9
Cut-Leaved Toothwort, 183
Cymopterus montanus, 200
Cyperus esculentus, 171
Cyperus rotundus, 171
Dagger, Spanish, 2
Dahoon Holly, 216
Dandelion, 159
Dangleberry, 69
Dankers, Jasper, 54
Index
Darling Plum, 53
Darning Needle, Eve's, 3
Dasylirion, 163
Date Plum, 77
Dayflower, 162
Dentaria diphylla, 184
Dentaria laciniata, 183
Deer Grass, 165
Deerberry, 71
Desert Tea, 221
Desert Trumpet, 164
De Smet, Father, 190
Devil's Tongue, 63
Dewberry, Northern, 30
Dewberry, Southern, 30
Digger Pine, 93
Diospyros Kaki, 79
Diospyros texana, 79
Diospyros virginiana, 77
Dock, Bitter, 139
Dock, Broad-Leaved, 139
Dock, Curled or Yellow, 139
Dock, Patience, 139
Dock, Pie, 164
Dock, Sour, 164
Dock, Spinach, 139
Dogtooth Violet, 197
Double-Claw, 125
Douglas Fir, 220
Douglas Spruce, 220 ,
Downy Grape, 56
Dwarf Blueberry, 72
Dwarf Cherry, 51
Dwarf Cornel, 89
Dwarf Raspberry, 27
Eagle Fern, 135
Early Sweet Blueberry, 73
Earth Almond, 171
Earth Apple, 194
Eastern Camass, 178
Eastern Prickly Pear, 61
Eastern Wild Gooseberry, 20
Edible Nuts, 91
Edible Roots and Tubers, 169
Edible Seeds and Seed Pods, 113
Edible Valerian, 194
Edible Wild Fruits, i
Elaeagnus argentea, 66
Elder, American or Sweet, 82
Elder, Red-Berried, 83
310
Elder, Blue-Berried, 83
Elk Thistle, 200
Elm, Slippery or Red, 163
Elymus condensatus, 128
Elymus triticoides, 128
Emerson, George B., 89, 163
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 30, 158
Encinilla, 221
English Walnut, 96
Ephedra sp., 221
Epilobium angustifolium, 166
Eriocoma cuspidata, 128
Eriogonum inflatum, 164
Erythronium americanum, 197
European Cranberry, 76
European Gooseberry, 20
European Mountain Ash, 89
European Wood Strawberry, 21
Eve's Darning Needle, 3
Evening Primrose, 199
Fagus amcricana, 107
Fagus ferruginea, 107
Fagus grandifolia, 107
Falcata comosa, 189
Falcata Pit chert, 190
False Banana, 9
False Paraguay Tea, 86
False Solomon's-Seal, 88
False Spikenard, 88
Fawn Lily, 197
Fern, Bird's-Foot, 220
Fern, Eagle, 135
Fern, Ostrich, 167
Fern, Sensitive, 136
Fern, Sweet, 221
Fern, Tea, 220
Fetid Currant, 15
Fetticus, 157
Feverwort, 222
Field Garlic, 176
Field Mint, 223
Field Salad, 157
Field Sorrel, 165
Fig, Hottentot, 164
Fig, Indian, 61
Filbert, 105
Fir, Balsam, 225
Fir, Douglas, 220
Fir Tree, 225
Fireweed, 166
Index
Fishback, Margaret, 74
Flag, Sweet, 173
Flax, Blue or Wild, 130
Florida Arrowroot, 196
Four-Leaved Pine, 93
Fox Grape, Northern, 53
Fox Grape, Southern, 57
Fragaria californica, 22
Fragaria canadensis, 20
Fragaria vesca, 21
Fragaria virginiana, 20
Fragrant Sumac, 213
Franklin, Sir John, 134
Freeman, Dr. George F., 123
Fremont, John C., 192
Frost, Robert, 71, 72, 226
Frost Grape, 56
Fruits, Wild Edible, i
Gale, Sweet, 221
Gamote, 200
Garden Balm, 222
Garden Currant, 14
Garden Gooseberry, 20
Garlic, Field, 176
Garlic, Meadow, 176
Gaultheria procumbens, 67
Gaultheria shallon, 90
Gaylussacia baccata, 68
Gaylussacia frondosa, 69
Gaylussacia resinosa, 68
Gentian, Horse, 222
Geoprumnon crassicarpum, 123
Geoprumnon mexicanum, 124
German Rampion, 199
Geum rivale, 221
Giant Cactus, 89
Giant Chinquapin, no
Gibson, William Hamilton, 155
Gill-over-the-Ground, 222
Gilmore, Melvin Randolph, 64, 130,
232
Ginger, Wild, 181
Glasswort, 163
Glecoma hederacea, 222
Gleditsia triacanthos, 121
Glycine Apios, 187
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 199
Golden Club, 197
Golden Currant, 16
Goldenrod, 219
Goldsmith, Oliver, 138
Good-King-Henry, 141
Goose Tansy, 199
Gooseberry, Bristly, 20
Gooseberry, Eastern Wild, 2O
Gooseberry, European, 20
Gooseberry, Garden, 20
Gooseberry, Missouri, 19
Gooseberry, Northern, 19
Gooseberry, Prickly, 17
Gooseberry, Slender, 19
Gooseberry, Smooth, 19
Gooseberry, Smooth-Fruited, 19
Gooseberry, Wild, 17
Goosefoot, 129
Goosefoot, Upright or City, 141
Grape, Blue or Winter, 56
Grape, Chicken, 56
Grape, Frost, 56
Grape, Muscadine, 57
Grape, Mustang, 58
Grape, Northern Fox, 53
Grape, Oregon, 88
Grape, Pigeon, 55
Grape, Riverside, 56
Grape, Sand or Sugar, 56
Grape, Southern Fox or Bullace, 57
Grape, Summer, 55
Grape, Sweet-Scented, 56
Grape, Wild,,55
Grape, Winter or Downy, 56
Grass, Coco, 171
Grass, Nut, 171
Grassnut, 197
Gray, Dr. Asa, 14, 188
Greasewood, 142
Great Nettle, 138
Green Amaranth, 143
Greenbrier, Bristly, 198
Greenbrier, Long-Stalked, 198
Greene, Prof. E. L., 118
Grossularia Cynosbati, 17
Grossularia missouriensis, 19
Grossularia oxyacanthoides, 19
Grossularia reclinata, 20
Grossularia rotundifolia, 20
Grossularia setosa, 20
Ground Cherry, Common, 79
Ground Cherry, Mexican, 80
Ground Hemlock, i
Ground Ivy, 222
Index
Ground Plum, Larger, 124
Ground Plum, Smaller, 123
Groundnut, 187
Gum, Black or Sour, 89
Gum, Red or Sweet, 227
Gums, 225
Gymnocladus dioica, 210
Hackberry, 3
Hackberry, Rough-Leaved, 5
Hackberry, Southern, 5
Hackberry, Thick-Leaved, 5
Hackberry, Western, 5
Hall, Dr. Harvey M., 22, 27, 39, 90,
176, 197, 213
Hare's Lettuce, 166
Harvest Brodiaea, 197
Haw, Black, 86
Haw, May, 40
Haw, Purple, 53
Haw, Red, 39
Hawthorn, 39
Hazelnut, Beaked, 106
Hazelnut, Common, 105
Heartweed, 163
Hedge Mustard, 118
Hedysarum boreale, 199
Hedysarum Mackenzii, 199
Helianthus annuus, 127
Helianthus laetiflorus,. 195
Helianthus tuberosus, 194
Hemlock, 220
Hemlock, Ground, i
Hemlock Spruce, 221
Hickory, Big-Bud, 102
Hickory, Big Shellbark, 101
Hickory, Bitter-Nut, 104
Hickory, Broom, 103
Hickory, Bullnut, 102
Hickory, King-Nut, 101
Hickory, Mocker-Nut, 102
Hickory, Pignut, 103
Hickory, Shellbark or Shagbark, 99
Hickory, Small-Fruited, 104
Hickory, White-Heart, 102
Hicoria alba, 102
Hicoria glabra, 103
Hicoria laciniosa, 101
Hicoria ovata, 99
Hicoria Pecan, 98
High-Bush Blackberry, 28, 29
312
High-Bush Blueberry, 71
High-Bush Cranberry, 84
Hobblebush, 84
Hog Peanut, 189
Holly, California, 89
Holly, Dahoon, 216
Honey Locust, 121
Honey Shucks, 121
Honeypod, 118
Honeysuckle, 90
Hookera coronaria, 197
Horehound, 222
Horse Gentian, 222
Horse Plum, 42
Horse-Radish, 149
Horsemint, 223
Horseweed, 161
Hottentot Fig, 164
Hough, Romeyn B., 10, 104, 229
Huckleberry, Black, 68
Huckleberry, Blue, 71
Huckleberry, Squaw, 71
Hyacinth, Wild, 178, 197
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, 166
Hydrophyllum virginianum, 166
Hyssop, 222
Hyssop, Fragrant Giant, 223
Hyssopus officinalis, 222
Ice Plant, 164
Iceland Moss, 132
Ilex Cassine, 216
Ilex glabra, 222
Ilex paraguayensis, 215
Ilex verticillata, 222
Ilex vomitoria, 215
Ill-Scented Sumac, 213
Impatiens biflora, 167
Indian Biscuit, 190
Indian Black Drink, 215
Indian Breadroot, 186
Indian Cherry, 51
Indian Cucumber Root, 18*
Indian Fig, 61
Indian Lettuce, 145
Indian Millet, 128
Indian Pond Lily, 116
Indian Rhubarb, 153
Indian Rice, 113
Indian Salad, 166
Indian Thistle, 200
Indian Turnip, 122
Indigo, Wild, 165
Inkberry, 142
Ipo, 191
Ipomoea Jalapa, 194
Ipomoea leptophylla, 193
Ipomoea pandurata, 193
Irish Moss, 132
Ironwood, Red, 53
Isabella Wood, 209
Islay, 129
Ivory Plum, 76
Ivy, Ground, 222
Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 172
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 54
Jacob's Ladder, 88
Japanese Persimmon, 79
Jepson, Dr. Willis Lynn, 64, 231
Jerusalem Artichoke, 194
Jewel Weed, 167
Johnny-Jump-Up, 165
Juglans californica, 96
Juglans cinerea, 96
Juglans kindsii, 96
Juglans nigra, 94
Juglans regia, 96
Juglans rupestris, 96
Juneberry, Common, 37
Juneberry, Northwestern, 38
Juneberry, Oblong-Fruited, 39
Juniper, California, 88
Juniperus occidentalis, 88
Katniss, 170
Keeler, Harriet L., 10
Keerless, 163
Kentucky Coffee Tree, 210
Kephart, Horace, 163, 164, 166
King Nut, 101
Labrador Tea, 216
Lactuca canadensis, 161
Lactuca scariola, 161
Lactuca virosa, 161
Lady's Thumb, 163
Lamb's Lettuce, 157
Lamb's Quarter, 140
Laportea canadensis, 138
Large Cane, 129
Large Cranberry, 74
Index
Large Rye Grass, 128
Large Tupelo, 90
Late Low Blueberry, 73
Laurel, 209
Laurel family, 209
Laurel Magnolia, 221
Laurus nobilis, 209
Ledum groenlandicum, 216
Leek, Wild, 176
Lemon, Wild, 13
Lemonade Berry, 214
Lemonade Tree, 211
Leontodon Taraxicum, 159
Lepargyraea argentea, 64
Lepidium virginicum, 164
Lettuce, 161
Lettuce, Hare's, 166
Lettuce, Indian, 145
Lettuce, Lamb's, 157
Lettuce, Miners', 145
Lettuce, Mountain, 153
Lettuce, Prickly, 161
Lettuce Saxifrage, 153
Lettuce, Spanish, 145
Lettuce, Wild or Tall, 161
Lewis, Captain Meriwether, 17, 170,
182
Lewis and Clark's Journals, n, 17,
20, 39, 128, 170, 190, 195
Lewisia rediviva, 182
Licorice, Wild*, 199
Licorice Root, 199
Lilium canadense, 197
Lilium superbum, 197
Lily, Canada, 197
Lily, Cluster, 197
Lily, Fawn, 197
Lily, Sego or Mariposa, 177
Lily, Turk's-Cap, 197
Lily, Wild Yellow or Canada, 197
Linum Lewisii, 130
Liquidambar Styraciflua, 227
Locust, Black or Yellow, 120
Locust, Honey, 121
Lomatium farinosum, 190
Lomatium geyeri, 190
Longfellow, Henry W., 115
Long-Stalked Greenbrier, 198
Lonicera involucrata, 90
Lotus, American, 115
Low-Bush Blueberry, 72
Inde*
Low-Bush Cranberry, 70
Low Sweet Blueberry, 72
Lupine, Wild, 129
Lupinus perennis, 129
Lycium, Carolina, So
Lycium carolinianum, 80
Lygodesmia juncea, 232
Madia sativa, 130
Magnolia, Laurel, 221
Magnolia virginiana, 221
Mallow, High, 165
Mallow, Pimple, 199
Mallow, Round-Leaved, 165
Mallow, Whorled or Curled, 165
Mains glance scens, 33
Mains ioensis, 34
Mains Mains, 35
Malva rotundifolia, 165
Malva sylvestris, 165
Malva verticillata, 165
Man-of-the-Earth, 193
Mandrake, 13
Manzanita, 90
Maple, Ash-Leaved, 231
Maple, Black Sugar, 230
Maple, Red, 230
Maple, Rock, 228
Maple, Silver, 231
Maple, Sugar, 228
Maple, Swamp, 230 '
Maple, White or Soft, 231
Marigold, Marsh, 146
Mariposa Lily, 177
Marjoram, 222
Marquette, Father, 176
Marrubium vulgare, 222
Marsh Cress, 149
Marsh Marigold, 146
Martynia louisiana, 125
Mate, 215
Matteuccia Strnthiopteris, 167
May Apple, 13
May Haw, 40
Maypops, 59
Mazzard, 46
Meadow Beauty, 165
Meadow Cress, 152
Meadow Garlic, 176
Mecha-meck (Indian), 193
Medeola virginiana, 180
3H
Medicago lupulina, 129
Melissa officinalis, 222
Mentha arvensis, 223
Mentha canadensis, 218
Mentha longifolia, 223
Mentha piperita, 218
Mentha spicata, 218
Mercury, 144
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum,
164
Mesembryanthemum edule, 164
Mesquite, Arizona, 118
Mexican Ground Cherry, 80
Mexican Persimmon, 79
Michaux, Andre, 208
Micranthes micranthidifolia, 153
Micromeria chamissonis, 222
Milkweed, Common, 155
Millet, Wild or Indian, 188
Milton, John, 131
Miner's Lettuce, 145
Mint, Common, 218
Mint, Field, 223
Mint, Wild, 218
Mint family, 218
Missouri Currant, 16
Missouri Gooseberry, 19
Mitchella repens, 81
Mockernut, 102
Monarda didyma, 222
Monarda fistulosa, 222
Montia perfoliata, 145
Morning-Glory, Bush, 193
Morning-Glory, Wild, 193
Morning-Glory family, 193
Morus alba, 8
Morus microphylla, 9
Morus nigra, 9
Morus rubra, 6
Moss, Iceland, 132
Moss, Irish or Carrageen, 132
Moss, Reindeer, 162
Mountain Ash, 89
Mountain Blackberry, 28
Mountain Cherry, 45
Mountain Cranberry, 70
Mountain Lettuce, 153
Mountain Sorrel, 140
Mountain Sumac, 213
Mountain Tea, 67
Muir, John, 60, 93
315
Mulberry, Black, 9
Mulberry, Red, 6
Mulberry, Small, 9
Mulberry, White, 8
Muloch, D. M., 7
Muscadine Grape, 57
Muscadinia rotundifolla, 57
Mushrooms, 233
Mustang Grape, 58
Mustard, Black, 116
Mustard, Hedge, 118
Mustard, White, 118
Mustard family, 116
Myrica asplenifolia, 221
Myrica Gale, 221
Myrrh, Sweet, 199
Nannyberry, 85
Narrow-Leaved Cattail, 196
Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple, 32
Narrow-Leaved Dock, 139
Needle, Adam's, 3
Nelumbo lutea, 115
Nepeta hederacea, 222
Nettle, Slender, 138
Nettle, Stinging, 138
Nettle, Wood, 138
New Jersey Tea, 214
Nodding Wild Onion, 175
Nonesuch, 129
Northern Fox Grape, 53
Northern Gooseberry, 19
Northwestern Juneberry, 38
Nut, Hickory, 99
Nut, King, 101
Nut, Oil, 96
Nut, Pecan, 98
Nut Grass, 171
Nut Pine, One-Leaved, 92
Nut Pine, Rocky Mountain, 91
Nuts, Edible, 90
Nymphaea polysepala, 116
Nyssa aquatica, 90
Nyssa multiflora, 89
Nyssa sylvatica, 89
Nyssa uniflora, 90
Oak, Bear or Scrub, 112
Oak, Chestnut or Yellow, 112
Oak, Chinquapin, 112
Oak, Cow or Basket, 112
Index
Oak, Rock Chestnut, 112
Oak, Swamp White, 112
Oak, Western White, in
Oak, W T hite, in
Oat, Wild, 128, 162
Oats, Cultivated, 128
Oats, Water, 113
Oblong-Fruited Juneberry, 39
Odostemon aquifoiturn, 88
Odostemon haematocarpus, 89
Oenanthe sarmentosa, 200
Oenothera biennis, 199
Oil Nut, 96
One-Leaved Nut Pine, 92
Onion, Nodding Wild, 175
Onion, Swamp, 176
Onoclea sensibilis, 136
Onoclea Struthiopteris, 167
Opuntia hasilaris, 62
Opuntia ficus-indica, 64
Opuntia humifusa, 63
Opuntia megacantha, 64
Opuntia Opuntia, 61
Opuntia polyacantha, 62
Opuntia Rafinesquii, 63
Opuntia vulgaris, 61
Oregon Crab Apple, 34
Oregon Grape, 88
Oregon Sunflower, 200
Origanum vulgare, 222
Ornithogalum umbellatum, 197
Orobanche ludoviciana, 200
Orontium aquaticum, 197
Oryza sativa, 113
Oryzopsis hymenoides, 128
Osmorhiza longistylis, 199
Ostrich Fern, 167
Oswego Tea, 222
Oxalis Acetosella, 165
Oxalis violacea, 165
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 74
Oxycoccus Oxycoccos, 76
Oxyria digyna, 140
Oyster Plant, Purple, 200
Oyster Plant, Yellow, 200
Pacific Plum, 44
Palm, Cabbage, 136
Palm, California Fan, 88
Palmer, Dr. T. S., 88, 227
Palmer's Amaranth, 163
Index
Palmetto, 136
Papaw, 9
Papaya, n
Paper Birch, 205
Paraguay Tea, 215
Parish, Dr. S. B., 64
Parkman, Francis, 163
Parry Pine, 93
Parsley, Water, 200
Partridge Vine, 81
Partridgeberry, 67, 81
Passiflora incarnata, 59
Passiflora lutea, 60
Passion Flower, 59
Passion Vine, 59
Patience Dock, 139
Pea, Buffalo, 123
Pea, Wild, 129
Peanut, Hog, 189
Peanut, Wild, 189
Pear, Choke, 31
Pear, Prickly, 61
Pecan Nut, 98
Pellaea ornithopus, 220
Peltandra virginica, 196
Peltiphyllum peltatum, 153
Pennsylvania Bitter Cress, 153
Penny Cress, 164
Peppergrass, 164
Pepperidge, 89
Peppermint, 218
Pepper Root, 183
Persea Borbonia, 209
Persea gratissima, 210
Persicaria Persicaria, 163
Persimmon, Black or Mexican, 79
Persimmon, Common, 77
Persimmon, Japanese, 79
Peucedanum sp., 190
Phaseolus acutifolius, 122
Phaseolus polystachyus, 122
Phaseolus retusus, 130
Photinia arbutifolia, 89
Phragmites communis, 226
Phragmites Phragmites, 226
Physalis ixocarpa, 80
Physalis pubescens, 79
Phytolacca am eric ana, 142
Phytolacca decandra, 142
Picea mariana, 220
Picea rubra, 220
Pickle Plant, 163
Pickles, 164
Pie Dock, 164
Pigeon Grape, 55
Pigeonberry, 142
Pignut Hickory, 103
Pigweed, 143
Pigweed, Slender, 163
Pilotweed, 232
Pimbina, 84
Pimpernel, Scarlet, 166
Pimple Mallow, 199
Pin Cherry, 50
Pine, Digger, 93
Pine, Four-Leaved, 93
Pine, One-Leaved Nut, 92
Pine, Parry, 93
Pine, Rocky Mountain Nut, 91
Pine, Scrub, 93
Pine, Spruce, 220
Pine, Sugar, 225
Pine, White, 226
Pinole, 126
Pinon, 91
Pinus contorta, 93
Pinus edulis, 91
Pinus lambertiana, 225
Pinus monophylla, 92
Pinus quadrifolia, 93
Pinus sabiniana, 93
Pinus Strobus, 226
Pinxter Flower, 154
Plantago major, 166
Plantain, Common, 166
Plum, Beach, 44
Plum, California, 44
Plum, Canada, 42
Plum, Chickat>aw, 45
Plum, Darling, 53
Plum, Date, 77
Plum, Ground, 123
Plum, Horse, 42
Plum, Ivory, 76
Plum, Pacific, 44
Plum, Porter's, 46
Plum, Red or Yellow, 40
Plum, Sand, 46
Plum, Sierra, 44
Plum, Wild, 40
Plum, Wild Goose, 43
Plum Grape, 53
317
Podophyllum peltatum, 13
Pokeweed, 142
Polygonatum biflorum, 162
Polygonum Persicaria, 163
Pom me Blanche, 66, 186
Pond Apple, n
Pond Lily, Indian, 116
Poor Man's Weatherglass, 166
Porcher, Francis Peyre, 165
Porter's Plum, 46
Portulaca oleracea, 144
Potato, Bog, 187
Potato, Prairie, 186
Potato, Tule, 170
Potato, Wild, 200
Potato Vine, Wild, 193
Potentilla Anserina, 199
Poteriurn, 164
Potherbs, 131
Powell, E. P., 85
Prairie Apple, 186
Prairie Bean, 130
Prickly Gooseberry, 17
Prickly Lettuce, 161
Prickly Pear, Eastern, 61
Prickly Pear, Western, 63
Prickly Pear Cactus, 61
Primrose, Evening, 199
Prince's Feather, 129
Proboscidea louisiana, 125
Prosopis glandulosa, 118
Prosopis pubescens, 119
Prosopis velutina, 118
Prostrate Amaranth, 129
Prunus alleghaniensis, 46
Prunus americana, 40
Prunus angustifolia, 45
Prunus Avium, 46
Prunus Besseyi, 51
Prunus Cerasus, 48
Prunus hortulana, 43
Prunus ilicifolia, 129
Prunus maritima, 44
Prunus melanocarpa, 51
Prunus Munsoniana, 43
Prunus nigra, 42
Prunus pennsylvanica, 50
Prunus pumila, 51
Prunus serotina, 48
Prunus subcordata, 44
Prunus virginiana, 49
Index
Prunus Watsoni, 46
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 220
Psoralea esculenta, 186
Psoralea hypogaea, 187
Pteridium aquilinum, 135
Pteris aquilina, 135
Puffballs, 234
Purple Avens, 221
Purple Haw, 53
Purple-Flowering Raspberry, 23
Purple Raspberry, 26
Purslane, 144
Purslane, Winter, 146
Purslane family, 144
Pus ley, 144
Pyrus angustifolia, 32
Pyrus baccata, 34
Pyrus communis, 31
Pyrus coronaria, 33
Pyrus diversifolia, 34
Pyrus ioensis, 34
Pyrus Malus, 35
Pyrus rivularis, 34
Quamasia hyacinihina, 178
Quamasia quamash, 179
Quercus acuminata t 112
Quercus alba, in
Quercus bicolor, 112
Quercus ilicifolia, 112
Quercus lobata, in
Quercus Michauxii, 112
Quercus Muhlenbergii, 112
Quercus nan a, 112
Quercus platanoides, 112
Quercus prinoides, 112
Quercus prinus, 112
Rabbit Berry, 64
Radicula Armoracia, 149
Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum, 148
Radicula palustris, 149
Raspberry, Black, 25
Raspberry, Dwarf, 27
Raspberry, Purple, 26
Raspberry, Purple-Flowering, 23
Raspberry, Virginia, 23
Raspberry, Western, 27
Raspberry, White-Flowering, 24
Raspberry, Wild Red, 24
Red Amaranth, 129
Index
Red Bay, 209
Red-Berried Elder, 83
Red Clover, 165
Red-Fruited Barberry, 89
Red Gum, 227
Red Haw, 39
Red Ironwood, 53
Red Maple, 230
Red Mulberry, 6
Red Plum, 40
Red Raspberry, 24
Red Spruce, 220
Redberry, 52
Redroot, 143, 214
Reed, 226
Reed Grass, Common, 226
Reindeer Moss, 162
Reynosia latifolia, 53
Rhamnus caroliniana, 51
Rhamnus cathartica, 52
Rhamnus crocea, 52
Rhamnus Frangula, 52
Rhexia virginica, 165
Rhododendron nudiflorum, 154
Rhubarb, Indian, 153
Rhubarb, Wild, 164
Rhus aromatica, 213
Rhus canadensis, 213
Rhus copallina, 213
Rhus glabra, 213
Rhus hirta, 211
Rhus integrifolia, 214
Rhus ovata, 231
Rhus trilobata, 213
Rhus typhina, 211
Ribes americanurn, 16
Ribes aureum, 16
Ribes Cynosbati, 17
Ribes floridum, 16
Ribes glandulosum, 15
Ribes gracile, 19
Ribes Grossularia, 20
Ribes nigrum, 16
Ribes odoratum, 16
Ribes oxyacanthoides, 19
Ribes prostratum, 15
Ribes rotundifolium, 20
Ribes setosum, 20
Ribes triste, 15
Ribes vulgare, 14
Rice, Indian or Wild, 113
Riley, James Whitcomb, 10, 13, 42,
56, 88
Riverside Grape, 56
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 120
Rock Chestnut Oak, 112
Rock Cranberry, 70
Rock Maple, 228
Rock Oak, 112
Rock Tripe, 133
Rocket, American Sea, 198
Rocket, Yellow, 151
Rocky Mountain Cherry, 51
Rocky Mountain Nut Pine, 91
Rogers, Julia E., 19, 93, 97, in, 207
Roots and Tubers, Edible, 169
Rosa californica, 40
Rosa rubiginosa, 89
Rossetti, Christina, 35
Rough-Leaved Hackberry, 5
Round-Leaved Water Cress, 152
Rowan Tree, 89
Rowe, A. L., 109
Rubus allcgheniensis, 28
Rubus amcricanus, 27
Rubus argutus, 29
Rubus canadensis, 30
Rubus Chamaernorus, 27
Rubus leucoderrnis, 27
Rubus neglectus, 26
Rubus niyrobaccus, 28
Rubus occidentalis, 25
Rubus odoratus, 23
Rubus parviflorus, 24
Rubus procumbens, 30
Rubus strigosus, 24
Rubus trifiorus, 27
Rubus trivialis, 30
Rubus villosus, 29
Rue-anernone, 198
Rum Cherry, 48
Rumex Acetosella, 165
Rumex crispus, 139
Rumex hymenosepalus, 164
Rumex obtusifolius, 139
Rumex Patientia, 139
Running Blackberry, 30
Rusby, Henry H., 3
Russian Thistle, 142
Rye Grass, Large, 128
319
Sabal Palmetto, 136
Sage, Chia, 125
Sage, White, 127
Sagittaria latifolia, 169
Sagittarla variabilis, 169
St. John's Bread, 122
Salad, Corn, 157
Salad Burnet, 164
Salad Plants, 131
Salicornia ambigua, 164
Salicornia europaea, 163
Salmonberry, 24
Salsify, Purple, 200
Salsify, Yellow, 200
Salsola kali tenuifolia, 142
Saltbush, 129
Saltwort, 163
Salvia apiana, 127
Salvia columbariae, 125
Sambucus canadensis, 82
Sambucus glauca, 83
Sambucus racemosa, 83
Sand Cherry, 51
Sand Grape, 56
Sand Grass, 128
Sand Plum, 46
Sanguisorba minor, 164
Sarcobatus vermiculatus, 142
Sargent, Dr. Charles Sprague, 50
Sassafras, 205
Sassafras Sassajras, 205
Sassafras variifolium, 205
Satureja hortensis, 222
Saunders, Dr. Charles F., 3, 180,
197, 220
Saunders, William, 195
Saxifraga micranthidifolia, 153
Saxifraga peltata, 153
Saxifrage, Lettuce, 153
Scarlet Pimpernel, 166
Scarlet Strawbeiry, 20
Schmaltzia crenata, 213
Schmaltzia trilobata, 213
Schoolcraft, Henry R., 73, 114, 230
Scientific American, 166
Scirpus validus, 162, 196
Scoke, 142
Scollard, Clinton, 206
Scott, Sir Walter, 138
Screw Bean, 119
Index
Scrub Chestnut Oak, 112
Scrub Oak, 112
Scrub Pine, 93
Scurvy Grass, 150
Sea Fig, 164
Sea Rocket, American, 198
Seacoast Abronia, 198
Seeds, Edible, 113
Sego Lily, 177
Senna, Coffee, 221
Sensitive Fern, 136
Serviceberry, Common, 37
Serviceberry, Northwestern, 38
Serviceberry, Oblong-Fruited, 39
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 135
Shadbush, 37
Shagbark Hickory, 99
Shellbark Hickory, 99
Shepherdia argentea, 64
Shepherdia canadensis, 66
Shepherd's-Purse, 164
Shucks, Honey, 121
Siberian Crab Apple, 34
Sierra Plum, 44
Silkweed, 15^
Silphium laciniatum, 232
Silver Maple, 231
Silverberry, 66
Silverleaf, 64
Silverweed, 1^9
Sinapis nigra, 116
Sisymbrium canescens, 118
Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum,
148
Sisymbrium officinale, 118
Skeleton Weed, 232
Skunk Cabbage, 137
Skunk Currant, 15
Slender Gooseberry, 19
Slender Nettle, 138
Slender Pigweed, 163
Slippery Elm, 163
Sloe, Allegheny, 46
Small Cranberry, 76
Small-Fruited Hickory, 104
Small Mulberry, 9
Smilacina racemosa, 88
Smilax Bona-nox, 198
Smilax herbacea, 88
Smilax pseudo-china, 198
Index
Smith, Captain John, 59, 196
Smith, Colonel James, 75
Smooth-Fruited Gooseberry, 19
Smooth Gooseberry, 19, 20
Smooth or Scarlet Sumac, 213
Snowberry, Creeping, 76
Soap Plant, 197
Soft Maple, 231
Solanum fendleri, 200
Solanum Jamesii, 200
Solanum tuberosum borealc, 200
Solidago odora, 219
Solomon's-Seal, False, 88
Solomon's-Seal, True, 162
Sonchus oleraceus, 166
Sorbus americana, 89
Sorbus Aucuparia, 89
Sorbus scopulina, 89
Sorrel, 165
Sorrel, Alpine, 140
Sorrel, Mountain, 140
Sour Cherry, 48
Sour Dock, 164
Sour Gum, 89
Soursop, ii
Southern Dewberry, 30
Southern Fox Grape, 57
Southern Hackberry, 5
Sow Thistle, 166
Spanish Bayonet, 2 .
Spanish Dagger, 2
Spanish Lettuce, 145
Spathyema foetida, 137
Spatlum (Indian), 182
Spearmint, 218
Spicebush, 207
Spinach, Dock, 139
Spinach, Wild, 140, 141
Spleen Amaranth, 163
Spotted Touch-Me-Not, 167
Spring Beauty, 198
Sprowl, Monroe, 26
Spruce, Black, 220
Spruce, Douglas, 220
Spruce, Red, 220
Spruce Pine, 220
Squaw Huckleberry, 71
Squaw Grass, 128
Squawbush, 213
Squawroot, 191
Squills, 178
320
Stagbush, 86
Staghorn Sumac, 21 z
Stanton, Frank L., 57
Star-of-Bethlehem, 197
Star Tulip, 177
Stellaria media, 146
Stinging Nettle, 138
Strawberry, California, 22
Strawberry, Scarlet, 20
Strawberry, Virginia, 20
Strawberry, Wild, 20
Strawberry, Wood, 21
Strawberry Tomato, 79
Strombocarpa pubescens, 119
Sturtevant, Dr. Edward L., 194
Succory, 158
Sudworth, Dr. George B., 104
Sugar Apple, n
Sugar Blueberry, 72
Sugar Grape, 56
Sugar Maple, 228
Sugar Maple, Black, 230
Sugar Pear, 39
Sugar Pine, 225
Sugar Tree, 228
Sugarberry, 3
Sugarbush, 231
Sugar and Gums, 225
Sumac, Dwarf or Mountain, 213
Sumac, Fragrant, 213
Sumac, Ill-Scented, 213
Sumac, Smooth or Scarlet, 213
Sumac, Staghorn, 211
Summer Grape, 55
Summer Savory, 222
Sunflower, Common, 127
Sunflower, Oregon, 200
Sunflower, Showy, 195
Suwarro, 89
Swamp Blueberry, 71
Swamp Maple, 230
Swamp Onion, 176
Swamp Red Currant, 15
Swamp Sugar Pear, 39
Swamp White Oak, 112
Sweet, Frank H., 77
Sweet Bay, 209, 221
Sweet Birch, 204
Sweet Cherry, 46
Sweet Chestnut, 108
Sweet Cicely, Smooth, 199
321
Sweet Elder, 82
Sweet Fern, 221
Sweet Flag, 173
Sweet Gale, 221
Sweet Goldenrod, 219
Sweet Gum, 227
Sweet Myrrh, 199
Sweet-Scented Grape, 56
Sweet-Scented Sumac, 213
Sweet Viburnum, 85
Sweet Winter Grape, 56
Sweetbrier, 89
Sweetsop, n
Symplocarpus foetidus, 137
Syndcsmon thalictroides, 198
Tall Blackberry, 29
Tall Lettuce, 161
Tangleberry, 69
Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 159
Taraxacum oificinale, 159
Tarwced, Chile, 130
Taw-kee (Indian), 197
Taxus canadensis, i
Tea, Appalachian, 86, 222
Tea, Chaparral, 221
Tea, Desert, 221
Tea, False Paraguay, 86
Tea, Fern, 220
Tea, Labrador, 216
Tea, Mountain, 67
Tea, New Jersey, 214
Tea, Oswego, 222
Tea, Paraguay, 215
Tea, Teamsters', 221
Teaberry, 67
Teamsters' Tea, 221
Tepary Bean, 122
Texas Walnut, 96
Thick-Leaved Hackberry, 5
Thimbleberry, 24, 25, 29
Thistle, Elk, 200
Thistle, Indian, 200
Thistle, Russian, 142
Thistle, Sow, 166
Thlaspi arvense, 164
Thoreau, Henry D., 35, 70, 77, 205
Thorn Apple, 40
Thyme, Wild, 223
Thymus Serpyllum, 223
Tinker's Weed, 222
Index
Tipsin (Indian), 186
Tomatillo, 80
Tomato, Strawberry, 79
Tooth wort, 183
Tornillo, 119
Touch-Me-Not, Spotted, 167
Toyon, 89
Tragopogon porrifolius, 200
Tragopogon pratensis, 200
Trifolium pratense, 165
Trilisa odoratissima, 223
Trillium or Wake Robin, 163
Trillium grandiflorum, 163
Triosteum perfoliatum, 222
True Solomon's-Seal, 162
Tsuga canadensis, 220
Tuckahoe, Virginia, 196
Tule Potato, 170
Tulip, Star, 177
Tuna, 62
Tupelo, 89
Turk's-Cap Lily, 197
Turnip, Indian, 172
Turnip, Prairie, 186
Twinberry, 81, 90
Two-Leaved Toothwort, 184
Typha angustifolia, 196
Typha latifolia, 196
Ulmus fulva, 163
Umbilicaria l3illenii, 133
Umbilicaria Muhlenbergii, 134
Umbilicaria pustulata, 133
Umbilicaria vellea, 134
Unicorn Plant, 125
Urtica dioica, 138
Urtica gracilis, 138
Urticastrum divaricatum, 138
Utah Aloe, 198
Uva-Ursi Uva-Ursi, 90
Uvular ia perfoliata, 162
Vaccinium angustifolium, 72
Vaccinium corymbosum, 71
Vaccinium macrocarpon, 74
Vaccinium Oxycoccos, 76
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 72
Vaccinium stamineum, 71
Vaccinium vacillans, 73
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, 70
Vaguer a racemosa, 88